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題名 | 財富分配與生存權--中國人權史研究(5)=The Distribution of Wealth and the Right of Survival |
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作者 | 毛漢光; | 書刊名 | 佛光人文社會學刊 |
卷期 | 2 2002.06[民91.06] |
頁次 | 頁27-75 |
分類號 | 551.8 |
關鍵詞 | 財富; 生存權; 中國; 人權史; 分配; 農業經濟型態; 剩餘價值; 賦稅; 力役; Wealth; The right of survival; Chinese; Human rights; Distribution; Agricultural economic structure; Surplus values; Duty of tax; Labor; |
語文 | 中文(Chinese) |
中文摘要 | 論財富分配與生存權之關係,首先要考慮整體財富之數量與分配之合理性,其衡量的標準即人之生存。人之生存有兩條底線,一條是最低生活水準,另一條是最低生存水準。在農業經濟型態的大架構中,其整體財富是有限的,剩餘價值不多;在分配結構方面,即令賦稅利益公平,公家與私人地主在生產資源獲取利益合理,一般農民也只能達到小康的境界,這就是本文所謂最低生活水準,這條線也是警戒線,在此警戒線内,農民徘徊在依附政府,或大土地所有權人之間,作為喘息的空間,如果發生天災人禍,即令是小規模者,也會造成農民死亡與逃亡的現象,這就觸及最低生存線了。土地均權、生產技術改良,移民於寬鄉等,只是治標的方法,並無法使人口增加與生產資源間獲得平衡,而當這種平衡遭破壞時,只能將有限的生活環境放置在最低生存線上了。此時若再加上賦稅、力役的不公,趨勢只能更加惡化。統治階層(包括政治上的高官與社會上的大土地所有者)在整體財富良好時,其自土地集中、貨幣聚集、力役徵用等方面累積所得的財富,絕大部分都因享受、消費掉了。在整體農業經濟架構中,如果不能突破這種社會的架構與經濟條件,無法利用剩餘價值進行有效的再生產,來提高整體財富之數量,財富的分配數量也不可能顯著的提高。整體財富不高,若遭逢天災人禍,統治階層仍可在最低生活線上,而一般農民則陷入最低生存線内,必然造成政治與社會動亂,而危急王朝,因此歷代政府對於苛捐雜稅、土地分配皆慎重處理,但是擁有土地的私人地主們,對於利用財富提高整體經濟想法的人不多,這是中國農業經濟財富分配的一大缺口,所以,私人土地愈集中,佃農數量愈多,人民生存權的危機愈大。 |
英文摘要 | If discussing the relationship between the distribution of wealth and the right to survival, it is necessary to take the amount of whole wealth and the distribution of such into prior consideration, and the standard to such an evaluation is the survival of human individuals. There are two scales to the weighing of human survival. First of all, the minimal living standard. Secondly, the minimal survival standard. In the big frame of an agricultural economic structures, there is limited whole we4alth, also meager surplus values. In such cases, even if tax revenues are set evenly, while public and private landowners have gained in a reasonable amount from productive resources, ordinary peasants still can only reach the standards of a well-to-do family, which is also what in this essay called a "minimal living standard". This is also the cordon which, within it, peasants may gasp a few breaths as they linger between the government and big landowners. If there will ever by any disaster, no matter natural or artificial, or does the sizes of it matters, there will be fleeing and death amongst the peasants, and a situation such as this will slump the minimal survival standard. The equality rights of lands, productivity advancements, migration of peasants to less populated regions are all only coping with the symptoms, but unable to reach an equilibrium between increasing population and productive resources. Once this equilibrium has been broken, the only way out is to place the limited living environment on the minimal survival standard. Hence if the duties of tax and labor are not fair, the situation will only become worse and worse. The wealth of ruling classes (including high rank officials and big landowners in the society), that were accumulated while whole wealth was good by concentrating lands gathering currency and conscripting labor, in the end were mainly consumed in changed of luxury. In the whole agricultural economic structure, the amount of the distribution of wealth will not rise distinctively if there are no breakthroughs towards this social structure and economic conditions, and no ways to use surplus values to undergo effective reproductions to increase the amount of whole wealth. If the whole wealth is not high, ordinary peasants will slump to the minimal survival standards. This will surely provoke political and social disorder, and hence endangers the empire. Therefore, successive governments have always been extremely cautious in dealing with taxes and land of distributions. However, few of the private land landowners had the idea to use wealth to increase whole economics, which this turns out to be a big breach of China's agricultural economic wealth distribution. Therefore, the more concentrated the private lands, the more amounts of the tenants, the more a critical crisis for people's rights of survival. |
本系統之摘要資訊系依該期刊論文摘要之資訊為主。