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題 名 | 自然環境與人類生存權--「中國人權史」研究之一=The History of Chinese Human Right-Natural Environment and the Right of Survival |
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作 者 | 毛漢光; | 書刊名 | 國立中正大學學報 |
卷 期 | 8:1(人文分冊) 民86.12 |
頁 次 | 頁165-203 |
分類號 | 571.93 |
關鍵詞 | 中國人權史; 自然環境; 生存權; |
語 文 | 中文(Chinese) |
中文摘要 | 著者擬撰寫之<中國人權史>專書包括生命權、平等權、自由權及政治參與權等 範疇,本文為生命權中之一章。導論導引出中國境內由傳說至今五千年已經定型的自然大格 局,中國人長期在此框框內,以採集、狩獵(漁獵)、遊牧、畜牧、農業等順應自然的方式 求取生存。進而由採集、狩獵漸進入游農,再發展成定居農;或由遊牧進入畜牧;形成中國 二大社會經濟型態。大自然氣候改變會引起人群平面遷徙;尋找適合其族群的生態環境時, 也會引起族群間的衝突與融合。大自然環境的改良,人為努力亦可發生一些作用,火與水的 使用是兩大因素,其他如生產工具、土壤、品種之改良等,使農業朝向多產精耕發展;但是 從中國歷史觀察,歷代靠天吃飯比重仍高,絕大多數人仍在大框框內掙扎。環境固經人為改 變獲得若干局部成果與較佳生存條件,但過度利用自然資源或改變生態平衡,會引起大自然 反撲;在人口自然成長、大自然失去平衡以加深自然災害頻率、土地利用邊際效率下降等狀 態下,促使人口壓力遞增與生活品質下降,並形成生存權的衝突。這種現象,絕大部分係因 中國人對此缺乏知識,而在有限選擇的條件下進行的。本文大量使用考古報告、歷史地理、 地質學、氣候學、農業史等論文,將其間點點滴滴的數據與實物,以生存權為主軸,有系統 的貫穿起來,發掘中國自然環境與生存權間之關係。今後人權史之各章,皆在此自然生存格 局中展開研究。 |
英文摘要 | This essay is the introduction of the right of life, which is part of my project, The History of Chinese Human Right. The main theme of the essay is the right of survival. To trace systematically the relationship between the right of survival and the natural environment is the aim of this introduction. The reference of it includes research data and archeological remnants, extracted from many archeological reports, and lots of articles concerning historical geography, geology, and agricultural history. It reveals a fixed natural environment in China from legendary age to nowadays. In order to survive, Chinese adapts himself to the natural envionment, and develops various types of living from collecting, hunting animal husbandry, and farming. Finally, two major social and economic patterns have been formed: the pastoral and the agricultural. On the one hand, the change of this natural environment forces immigration, which causes conflicts and mixture between different races. The improvement of it, on the other, drives the agriculture towards proliferation and elaboration either by the usage of natural resources, such as fire and water, or by the invention of man, such as productive tools, fertilizer, and improved spicies. The advantage of it is the improvement of living condition. However, it also causes some disadvantages by over-exploitation. It changes the eclolgical balance, and invokes the fight-back of nature. Consequently, it aggravates the happening of natrual disaster, declines the productivity of soil, increases the pressure of population, deteriorates the quality of living, and most of all, causes the conflicts of the right of survival. |
本系統中英文摘要資訊取自各篇刊載內容。