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| 題 名 | 水稻早熟遺傳因子E在臺中65號遺傳背景對發育及適應性之作用 |
|---|---|
| 作 者 | 蔡國海; | 書刊名 | 中華農學會報 |
| 卷 期 | 87 1974.09[民63.09] |
| 頁 次 | 頁1-20 |
| 關鍵詞 | 水稻; 早熟; 發育; 臺中; 適應性; 遺傳; 遺傳因子; |
| 語 文 | 中文(Chinese) |
| 中文摘要 | 臺中65號之遺傳背景下，早熟遺傳因子Ea(原含於大同在來)促進幼穗分化日數第1期作約9日，第2期作約8日，而其程度Eb(原含於坊主5號)為大。Ea與Eb提早幼穗分化至抽穗日數3~6日。新誘發之早熟遺傳因子Eir(Gamma-ray)與Eix(X-ray)兩因子之促進幼穗分化作用略與Ea同程度。此4個E因子不縮短抽穗至成熟止日數。此4個E因子為同位相對遺傳因子。E因子對幼穗分化後所發生諸器官之生長速度，生長期間以及成熟器官之大小，產生不同效應。則延遲下部節間及上部稻葉之伸長，促進上部節間及稻穗之伸長，而成熟時特別減少第4與第5節間之長度。早熟遺傳因子在幼穗分化時期之溫度反應較敏感。早熟品系適於密植栽培，而且對肥料，每叢苗數以及苗齡等栽培條件之反應較敏感。早熟品系在良好環境條件下，產量第1期作與原品種殆無差異，而第2期作減產1成左右。早熟遺傳因子並未改變原品種所具有之分蘗能力，及栽培季節與地域適應性，在本省北部第2期作較臺中65號為高產。 |
| 英文摘要 | The early-maturing isogenic lines of a Ponlai rice variety (Taiwan-Japonica, Oryza sativa L.) Taichung 65 (abridged as T65), A37 and B967, were obtained by repeated baskcrossing for seven times. In the baskcrossing experiments, T65 was used as the recurrent parent, and two early maturing Japonica varieties, Tatung-tsailai from northern China (about 35 days earlier than T65) and Bozu 5 from northern Japan (about 25 days earlier heading than T65), were used as the donor parents (usesd as pollen parents). A37 has an earliness gene Ea derived from Tatung-tsailai, and B967 has Eb derived from Bozu 5. In parallel to the above work, irradiation experiments were carried out with Taichung 65, and two early-maturing mutant lines, I123 (gamma-rayed 25 Kr) and I190 (X-rayed 40 Kr), were selected. They carry mutated genes Eir in I123, and Eix in I190. The earliness genes Ea, Eb, Eir and Eix, having the same locus that comprised various sites, were considered to be isoalleles (Tsai 1973). In this paper, we compared the early strains with T65 with regard to character developmene, temperature responses and grain yield at different locations. The experimental results are summarized as below. (1) The E genes controlling panicle initiation. Gene Ea enhanced panicle initiation be about 9 days in the first (Januany to July) and by about 8 days in the second (July to November) cropping season, the effect of gene Eb was slightly weaker than that of gene Ea (Table 1). Both genes also shortened the period from panicle initiation to heading by 3 to 6 days. Consequently, Ea moved up heading by 13 to 14 days (first crop) or 9 to 11 days (second crop); Eb moved up heading by 11 to 12 days in both cropping seasons. Usually, T65 has 16 leaves on the mainstem observed in Taichung. The E genes were found to reduce the number of leaves to 15. Induced genes Eir and Eix had almost the same heading-promoting effect as of Ea (Table 1). (2) Pleitropic effects of earliness genes on organ development. It was confirmed from repeated observations that the E genes did not influence tillering and leaf development before panicle initiation. But the E genes reduced the size of organs developing after panicle initiation. The size of organs at maturity, lines A37, B967, I123 and I190, was measured. The results showed that the effects on organ size of E genes were similar and indistinguishable (Table 2). These genes markedly reduced the length of fourth and fifth internodes (from the top) which start elongation almost synchronically with panicle initiation, and moderately or slightly reduced the length of panicle, first to third internodes and upper leaves. At Mishima, Japan, in collaboration with Dr.H.I. Oka, the growth rates of these organs were calculated by fitting the measurements (taken at one week interval) to the logistic function, Y=A(1+ae-bt)?1, or loge (A/y-1)=loge, a-bt, y is the size of measurement at time t, A is the final size at maturity and b stands for relative growth rate. From this computation, time t? (at which y reaches ?A: given by loge a/b), growth rate at t? (dy/dt: given by 1/4bA), and the number of days from 1/10t to 9/10 or "growth duration" were estimated for each organ. The results are showed that the E genes increased the growth rates of panicles and upper internodes, and shortened their growth duration. In contrast, it reduced the growth rates of lower internodes and upper leaves, extending their growth duration. In general, the fifth internode (from the top) starts elongation immediately after flower initiation. Its t 1/10 days for T65, A37 and B967 were estimated to be July 13.7, 6.5, and 6.5 respectively. The E genes thus seemed to have moved up flower initiation by about 7 days, in the same manner as at Taichung. The number of days from the above-estimated flower-initiation time to panicle-elongation time as shown by t? was 23.5 for T65, 25.9 for A37, and 28.9 for B967, while the number of days from the t? day for panicle to that for the first internode (heading time) was 12.2 for T65, 7.8 for A37, and 9.0 for B967. Thus, the E genes did not seem to shorten the time from flower initiation to panicle elongation (time for panicle differentiation), but shortened the time from panicle elongation to heading. It may be said that the earliness genes thus modify the developmental pattern of various organs after panicle initiation as an expression of their pleiotropic effects. Regarding the effect on temperature reponse of the E genes, standerd partial regressions of the days to heading on the average temperatures of vegetative, panicle initiation and panicle development periods were computed with the data from monthly planting experiments. The results showed that the promoting effect on panicle initiation of E genes becomes high when temperature rises (Table 6). (3) Effects of the E genes on adaptability and yield. In order to examine the effect of the earliness genes on fertilizer response, four isogenic lines, T65(e), A37(Ea), B967(Eb) and I123 (Eir) were repeatedly tested at zero, standard (8-5-4 NPK g/m2) and doubled fertilizer levels. The results indicated that in both the first and second cropping seasons the difference in grain yield between no fertilizer and standard plots was significantly greater in the early-maturing lines than in T65, and the doubling the fertilizers brought about a yield reduction in the early lines making a contrast to an increase in T65 (Table 8). This difference in fertilizer respond found between the early lines and T65 was highly significant though there were no significant differences among the three early lines, A37, B967 and I123. It may be asserted that the E genes tend to restrict the adaptive latitude of the plants to the amount of nitrogenous fertilizers applied. Next, planting density experiments were carried out with the same four lines, testing them at 25×25 cm, 25×20 cm and 25×10 cm hill intervals. The results indicated that the early-maturing lines gave the highest yield at the 25×20 cm density, while T65 gave it at 25×25 cm, and the yield reduction due to too dense planting was smaller in the early lines than in T65 (Table 9). It may be suggested that hte early isogenic lines are adapted to a higher planting density that T65. The yielding capacities of these early isogenic lines were repeatedly evaluated not only in Chung-Hsing University at Taichung but also in seven District Agricultural Improvement Stations of the Taiwan Provincial Government at dirfferent locations, The yield stability of these lines was also tested by applying in the method of regression analysis given by Finlay and Wilkinson (1963). The results proved that the E genes did not affect the yield stability of T65. Line B967 was superior to commercial early varieties of the same maturity not only in mean yield but also in yield stability (Table 13). In the northern part of Taiwan where early-maturty enables the plants to escape from winter monson in the second crop, the early lines gave higher yield than T65 (Fig. 4). This suggests that isogenic lines with an E gene of other established varieties that T65 may also have economic values. The breeding of isogenic lines is easier than selection of early-maturing with high-yielding lines from hybrid populations. Using several high-yielding varieties as the recurrent parent of backcrossing, breeding experiments for early-maturing isogenic lines are now under way. |
本系統中英文摘要資訊取自各篇刊載內容。