頁籤選單縮合
| 題 名 | 鳳梨夏果成熟期與氣象及栽培條件之關係=The Time of Maturity for the Summer Crop of Pineapples in Relation to Climate and Cultural Conditions |
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| 作 者 | 游貽凌; | 書刊名 | 中華農學會報 |
| 卷 期 | 27 民48.09 |
| 頁 次 | 頁26-46 |
| 關鍵詞 | 鳳梨; 氣象; 栽培條件; 夏果成熟期; |
| 語 文 | 中文(Chinese) |
| 中文摘要 | 根據斗六實驗農場四年來之氣象觀測紀錄，與各項栽培試驗區之鳳梨(開英種，三菱系)第一回抽穗及夏果採收調查資料，就鳳梨夏果成熟期與氣象及栽培條件之關係加以調查分析，其結果摘要於次： 1. 鳳梨夏果之抽穗、成熟時期及出?情形，均與冬季低溫之發生情形有密切關係，因冬季之鳳梨自然花芽分化，必係受低溫刺激所引起。 2. 低溫僅係誘發鳳梨花芽分化之最後因子，而鳳梨植株本身之成熟，為其花芽分化之內在先決條件。即決定鳳梨能否花芽分化之主要因素，為植株之成熟度與低溫刺激之大小。高溫、強日照及生育後期之乾旱等氣候條件，可能促使鳳梨植株提早成熟。 3. 在本場具有7.5~8.0℃之日最低氣溫降低差的低溫，在1月上旬乃至中旬首次發生，而在 5℃左右維持2~3日者，每年引起絕大多數秋植鳳梨之花芽分化，而為抽穗率分佈及夏果出?最高?之招致原因。近三年來，每年夏果成熟半數期距此種低溫發生日期之日數，大致在207日左右。 4. 鳳梨自花芽分化(低溫)至抽穗所需日數，與低溫後60日內之平均氣溫有負相關；近四年來，各年度之此日數在60~70日之間。自抽穗至夏果成熟所需日數，亦與抽穗後30日之內之平均氣溫之平方根有負相關；近三年來，各年度之此日數在140~147日之間。由於抽穗前氣溫比較低的年度，抽穗後之氣溫常比其他年度稍高，因此自花芽分化(低溫)至夏果成熟之日數，反而每年比較一致。 5. 鳳梨植株在冬季低溫發生時所達到的成熟度，大致與其生育日數成比例。因此，早種植株比較容易感應早發生的低溫而早花芽分化；反之晚種植株則晚花芽分化。惟冬植及春植鳳梨，大多數植株趕不上次年冬季之末次低溫，因而不能結夏果。就一般秋植鳳梨而言，種植日期相差在1~2旬以內時，其第一回 夏果成熟期不致有顯著差異。 6. 鳳梨夏果成熟期因密植度之提高而延遲。密植鳳梨比較晚花芽分化，其花芽生長及果實成熟速度亦較疏植者為慢。可見日照強度及植株發展空間之大小，對花芽分化及果實成熟時期之早晚有影響。 7. 蘇楠榮氏等關於氮素、鉀素施用量、葉磷濃度及稻草覆蓋等鳳梨抽穗及果實成熟期之影響報告，著者從低溫引起花芽分化之觀點，就其原始資料再加以考查，獲得一致結果。茲將其簡述於次：(1)在其餘兩要素充分而固定之條件下，夏果隨施氮量或施鉀量之增加而延遲。(2)多施氮而少施鉀時，鳳梨植株較受相反處理者早花芽分化。(3)在花芽分化期植株葉磷濃度愈高，夏果成熟期愈早。(4)相同要素比率(4-1-4)之混肥施用量愈多，夏果成熟期愈晚。(5)鳳梨園之稻草覆蓋提早夏果成熟期，全面覆蓋區比不覆蓋者提早兩星期。 |
| 英文摘要 | With reference to climate records and the data concerning date distribution of flower bud emergence and summer fruit maturity of pineapples (Sanling series, Smooth Cayenne) obtained from several field experiments held at this station in the past four, years, the author has made a survey of the relation between the mature time of summer pineapple fruits and the climate as well as culture conditions. The results being summarized as follows: 1. The time and date distribution of flower bud emergence and summer fruit maturity of pineapples were intimately related to the time and the aspect of occurence of low temperatures during winter, hence the natural floral differentiation of pineapples in winter must be due to the chilling by low temperatures. 2. Low temperature is only the last factor causing the pineapple plant to start floral differentiation, and that the plant itself reaches some physiological state (maturing) is the essential previous condition for its floral differentiation. Namely, the maturity of plant and the severity of chilling are the two main factors determining whether the plant can or cannot start floal differentiation. Some climatic conditions such as high temperature, intense sunshine and severe drought during the later period of plant growth may cause the plant to mature early. 3. At this station, the low temperature with a drop of 7.5-8.0℃ diurnal mininum temperature that firstly occurred in the early part of January and persisted at about 5℃ for 2-3 days, has yearly induced the most number of autumn planted pineapples to start floral differentiation, and consequently caused the highest peak in the date distribution of flower bud emergence as well as summer fruit maturity of the pineapples. For the past three years, the half number of summer fruits had matured, each year within about 207 days from the occurrence of such a low temperature. 4. The number of days from the initiation of floral differentiation (low temperature) to the emergence of flower buds for pineapples was negatively correlated with the mean temperature during 60 days after the low temperature. For the past four years, the numbers lied between 60 to 70 days. There was also a negative correlation between the number of days from flower bud emergence to fruit maturity and the square root of the mean temperature during 30 days after the emergence of flower buds. The numbers for the past three years were between 140 and 147 days. The number of days from low temperature to fruit maturity had rather small annual variation, because in the year when pineapples underwent lower temperature (compared with other years) after the initiation of floral differentiation, the temperature after the emergence of flower buds was higher. 5. The degree of maturity of pineapple plants at the time of temperture drop in winter roughly proportional to the age (days of growth) of the plants. For this reason, the pineapples planted earlier are more susceptible to earlier low temperatures, and hence differentiate flower buds earlier. On the other hand, those planted later begin the differentiation later, in extream cases, e.g. planted in February and April, most of them even miss the latest los temperature in the (next) winter and fail to produce summer fruits. For ordinally autumn planted pineapples, a difference of 10-20 days planting date dose not cause any significant difference in the mature time of the summer fruits of the plant crop. 6. The mature time of summer pineapple fruits delayed with increase in plant density. Pineapples densely planted, tended to delay their floral differentiation, and both their flower buds and fruits developped with relatively slow velocities compared with those which were planted with wider spacing. These facts suggest that both the times of floral differentiation and fruit maturity of pineapples might have been affected by the intensity of sunshine and the space of development for the plants. 7.The finding of N.R. SU et. al. in studying thr effects applied nitrogen, potash, leaf phosphorius concentration and rice straw mulch on the flower bud emergence and fruit maturity are identified by the author in reexamining the data through the concept of floral inducement by low temperature. The results being reviewed briefly as follows: (1) The time of maturity of summer fruits delayed with increasing application of nitrogen or potassium, provided that the amounts of the other two elements had been sufficient and kept constant. (2) Plants applied with much nitrogen and little potash, tended to differentiate flower buds earlier than those which were treated just in the contrary way. (3) Plants with higher leaf phosphorus concentration in the season of flower bud differentiation, produced summer fruits ripening earlier. (4) The time of summer fruit maturity delayed with increasing application of the mixed fertilizer having the three elements at the ratio of 4-1-4. (5) Mulching of pineapple field with rice straw resulted in prematuring of the summer fruits. The plot with overall mulching gave tipe fruits two weeks earlier than that with no mulch. |
本系統中英文摘要資訊取自各篇刊載內容。