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題名 | 不凍的水=Water at Subzero Temperatures |
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作者姓名(中文) | 陳正平; | 書刊名 | 大氣科學 |
卷期 | 25:4 1997.12[民86.12] |
頁次 | 頁569-600 |
分類號 | 328.6 |
關鍵詞 | 液態水; 過冷; 冰晶核化; 玻璃化; 復凍; 準液態層; Liquid water; Supercooling; Ice nucleation; Vitrification; Regelation; Quasi-liquid layer; |
語文 | 中文(Chinese) |
中文摘要 | 本文介紹水在0℃以下而保持不凍的一些現象與基本原理。在熱力平衡狀態之下,水可因「壓力效應」及「溶質效應」降低其融點及維持液態,或形成「水合物」而不以冰晶的結構存在,由於冰晶形成時所涉及的能量障礙以及分子動力過程之限制,水還可以「過冷態」或「玻璃態」之「介穩定」狀態存在一段時間,其存在時間之長短受溫度及水中溶質之特性所控制。此外,在熱力平衡狀態之下,水還可以薄薄的一層準液態水存在於冰的表面。本文也列舉一些實例,說明這些不凍的特性造成大自然界中許多重要的現象,以及被生物及人類之應用。 |
英文摘要 | This paper reviews the phenomena and principles revolved in the formation of liquid water at subzero temperahms. Under thermodynamic equilibrium conditions, water may remain in a liquid state as a result of either pressure effect or solute effect. At the presence of specific solutes, water may appear as hydrates instead of forming ice crystals. Due to the energy barrier and the kinetic limitations of ice nucleation, water can be supercooled and exist in a metastable state. With a fast cooling rate, water can even bypass the homogeneous nuclea:uon process and reaches a glassy state, which is also a metastable state, at very low temperatures. The lifetimes of water at these metastable states are controlled by not only the temperature but also the properties and concentration of solutes in the solution. Furthermore, a quasi-liquid layer can exist on the surface of ice under thermodynamic equilibrium conditions, which is responsible of the phenomenon of regelation. Examples are given to describe the properties of the various forms of liquid water at subzero temperatures, as well as their applications in nature and by human. |
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