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題名 | 教育與哲學--Wittgenstein的基礎主義解答為何需要教育的問題=Education and Philosophy--Answering the Question "Why Should We Be Educated" with Wittgenstein's Foundationalism |
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作者姓名(中文) | 郭實渝; | 書刊名 | 市北教育學刊 |
卷期 | 53 2016.04[民105.04] |
頁次 | 頁1-19 |
分類號 | 520.11 |
關鍵詞 | 教育哲學; 教育基礎; Wittgenstein; Philosophy of education; Educational foundation; On Certainty; |
語文 | 中文(Chinese) |
中文摘要 | 對於「為何要受教育?」或「受教育的理由是什麼?」的問題,有許多不同的解答。然而我們發現,一方面,無法找到證據以證成受教育的理由;另一方面,應然的答案往往未能說服否定面的回應。若我們能有確定性的教育基礎,可以幫忙我們建立接受教育理由,沒有懷疑。本文要論辯的是以Wittgenstein的哲學基礎主義建立整體教育的最終目標,教育不只在智育而已,還需要包括德育、美育、與群育的智慧養成。 一些文獻想找出Wittgenstein與教育學及教育的直接貢獻,但是Wittgenstein並未有任何有關教育的文字,他的斷簡或提出的許多有關兒童或成人學習及語言成長的範例,是作為他描述他的哲學之方法之一,不能算是他的教育學。其次,若要瞭解他的語言學習思考,應在完整的瞭解他的三本哲學著作之後,才有討論價值。若只由某一本作品,如Tractatus,找出與教學相關的思考,也只能說是其他學者,尤其是後現代主義者的個人觀點而已。再次,Wittgenstein的基礎主義可以說是他一生思想的集大成,看出Wittgenstein的確定性立場,不需命題的證成,也並非科學觀察,而是人類繼承的傳統或我們的歷史文化遺產。那麼,將教育視為一個信念,它本身不是知識,無法提出證據,這種思考應該是他教育的理念,若他有教育哲學的想法。我們要求下一代接受教育,使其能在社區甚至世界中立足,增長知識是滿足個人的慾望,但必須要有穩定及確定的為人基礎。若不接受教育,不會影響知識,但卻影響個人在社區中的關係。 |
英文摘要 | Answering questions like ‘why should we be educated’ or ‘what is the reason to educate’,we found that, on the one hand, we cannot find concrete evidence to answer them, whereas some who find answers to them cannot persuade people with negative attitudes. If we can find a thought that is the foundation of education with certainty, it will help us (to) establish reasons why we should be educated. In this paper, I will argue that one of the thoughts of Wittgenstein will give us a clue to the ultimate goal of being educated. Some literature written by many educators and educational philosophers shows that Wittgenstein could be treated as a pedagogical philosopher, but I do not agree with this. Next,if we consider many examples in his books, those are only his examples or metaphors he makes about teaching and learning. We have to understand that he has never had an organized theory of education or pedagogy. Also, we need to discuss his thoughts from his first book,Tractatus, his well-organized Philosophical Investigation, to the last one, On Certainty, before we can recognize his foundationalism that can be applied to educational theories of our own.According to his foundationalism, an idea of education does not make up a scientific theory. It does not need scientific observation and does not need justification, but it does need a solid foundation. This solid foundation is not only the culmination of knowledge or information but the basic background everyone needs to survive in its community and the world which includes his or her history, inherited traditions and cultural heritage. |
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