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題名 | Emily Dickinson, an American Socrates in and out of Emersonian Transcendentalism=艾蜜莉.狄堇蓀--以蘇格拉底批判精神探究愛默生先驗論的哲學詩人 |
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作者 | 陳美淑; | 書刊名 | NTU Studies in Language and Literature |
卷期 | 32 2014.12[民103.12] |
頁次 | 頁1-36 |
分類號 | 874.51 |
關鍵詞 | 懷疑論; 不一致; 蘇格拉底批判思維; 不局限的探索; 愛默生的先驗哲學; 內心深刻領悟; Skepticism; Inconsistency; Socratic questioning; Constant unconfined inquiry; Emersonian transcendentalism; Visceral/profound realization; |
語文 | 英文(English) |
中文摘要 | 艾蜜莉‧狄菫蓀經常掙扎在確知與不知之間,她肯定「內心懷疑態度論」,因為此論點能夠幫助她檢視觀點和原理。如同她在詩作1438 中所示,為了避免「確定性耗竭」(“Certainty be sere”),她追求卻又「拒絕認定真理」(“then retardsthe truth”)。無論是她的生活或者作品都對權威式的觀點抱持懷疑的態度。她不輕率否認或接受任何既定的知識和意見,不允許任何思想理論限制她的思考。她不斷地實驗、從不同的角度檢視內在心靈與自然世界,並與之對話,因此,在著作中呈現永無止境的知識探究與自我探索的過程。特別喜愛能激發思維和想像力,或顛覆知識書籍的她,為拉爾夫‧沃爾多‧愛默生(Ralph Waldo Emerson)的先驗哲學所激勵,她研究愛默生的哲學,卻不為其論點所限。在先驗論的自由主義鼓舞下,狄菫蓀儘管有類似愛默生先驗論的觀察與體驗,卻不讓她的思考探索局限在先驗哲學框架中,而是保持自己個體性、獨立性、懷疑態度和實驗性的特質,充分發揮蘇格拉底(Socrates)和愛默生所提倡不墨守成規之「美國學者」(“American Scholar”)精神。她揭示了先驗論中值得商榷的論點,並跳脫先驗認知的思維,透過多方面探索與實驗程序,表達多樣化或是前後矛盾、衝突的想法,並保留不確定與互相對立的思辨。於是,她的詩作呈現了如同弗朗索瓦‧李歐塔(Jean-François Lyotard)所歸納的一種能創造出「後現代超凡」的特質。讀者若是依照傑德‧戴普曼(Jed Deppman)的建議,與狄堇蓀一同思索探討愛默生先驗論的精髓與本質,即使沒有得到肯定的真理認知,將有機會與愛默生的思想對話,進而衍生出自己獨到的見解與智慧。(curiosity)和「詭譎性」(curiousness),以爬梳其筆下女主角與男性的關係。勃朗特筆下的物品經常深具神秘感,脫離原有的環境並且被收藏在密閉空間中,因而這些物品帶著一種無以名狀的詭譎性,其中尤以女性角色所收藏的紀念品為最。勃朗特所描述的男女關係絕大部分以偶像崇拜為原型,因而這些女性崇拜者所蒐集的、與她們情人/偶像相關的紀念品所夾帶的詭譎性正反映了她們充滿矛盾的崇拜情結。另一方面,在勃朗特的敘述中,對於男性來說女性角色也經常被視為奇異的物品,引起他們觀視與收藏的慾望。本文首先探討勃朗特女性角色所收集的紀念品,尤其是由頭髮或花朵製成的紀念品,以闡明這些女性角色的偶像崇拜情結中所包含的矛盾、否認、以及自我否定。以此為出發點,本文接著探討在男性眼中,女性本身亦帶著詭譎性,彷彿值得收藏的逸品般引起他們的好奇心,吸引其視覺上及觸覺上的佔有慾望。這樣的詭譎性使得女性在吸引男性視線的同時能夠避開男性觀視的穿透/辨析能力,使得觀視/被觀視的機制得以永恆運作。在這樣的視覺機制裡,勃朗特的女性角色同時是好奇的收藏者與詭譎的收藏品,而正是在這樣的機制下,她們與其情人的矛盾關係方能被彰顯。 |
英文摘要 | Emily Dickinson, who “knows – and does not know,” deems “skepticism of theHeart” sweet for it inspiringly examines views and axioms, leading to constant inquiryand self-exploration in her writings. As suggested in poem 1438, she exerts a heart aswell as mind which invites but “then retards the truth” lest “Certainty be sere.” Bothher life and writings demonstrate an inclination to quesion dominant perspectives,constantly experiment, search, and enter into dialogue with her own self and theworld, disallowing “an Axiom” the “Opportunity” to confine her thinking and composition.Accordingly, even though manifesting the potentiality of books to inspire herthinking and imagination, Dickinson, with the spirit of Socrates as well as RalphWaldo Emerson in his “American Scholar,” intends to be “Man thinking” and writeher own books in poetry. With stimulation from Transcendentalist liberalism and aSocratic spirit urging critical thinking, Dickinson explores in various directions andobserves experience from diverse perspectives and through various lenses. Despite herobservations similar to those of Transcendentalists, Dickinson is not “subdued” by her“instruments” of inspiration. Maintaining her individuality, extreme independence,“Sweet skepticism of the Heart,” and the essence of “Experiment” and “Wonder” inthinking, she brings the spirit of Socrates and the nonconformist American scholarinto full play so as not to be limited to the thinking orbit of Emersonian Transcendentalism.Instead, she reveals its controversial aspects—what is questionable or not absolutely true—encouraging a reinvestigation into Emerson’s philosophy. Dickinsonpresents the multifarious aspects of the inner as well as natural world, revealing herdisinheritance from transcendental knowledge, which David Porter regards as theDickinson “mark of modernism” while Jed Deppman views such disinheritance alongwith her constant questioning of authority as postmodern in Trying to Think withEmily Dickinson. Writings created by Dickinson as a skeptical philosopher poet whoconstantly interrogates without easily accepting or rejecting learned philosophies indeedcan be understood as postmodern especially as she often leaves indeterminacyindeterminate, the irreconcilable irreconcilable, and composes not within pre-establishedrules but through a program of constant exploration/experimentation similar to thatwhich Jean-François Lyotard attributes to the creation of a postmodern sublime. Ifreaders try to think with Dickinson as Deppman suggests and explore the essence ofEmersonian Transcendentalism with her, they will have the chance to awaken to thedifference between the conceptual but superficial understanding and the visceral/profoundrealization of Emerson’s philosophy as well as the inner and natural worlds. They maythereby develop their personal comprehension of the philosophy and wisdom. |
本系統之摘要資訊系依該期刊論文摘要之資訊為主。