頁籤選單縮合
題名 | 舊廣州貿易時期美國商人與鴉片貿易(1784~1840)=American Merchants and Opium Trade in Old Guangzhou Trading Period (1784~1844) |
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作者 | 牛道慧; | 書刊名 | 大葉大學通識教育學報 |
卷期 | 11 2013.05[民102.05] |
頁次 | 頁55-84 |
分類號 | 558.09207 |
關鍵詞 | 鴉片貿易; 舊廣州貿易; 美國商人; Opium trade; The old Guangzhou trade; American businessman; |
語文 | 中文(Chinese) |
中文摘要 | 本論文主要探討美國商人在舊廣州貿易時期1所經營的鴉片貿易。美國獨立後,積極發展對華貿易,但是當時的美國商人和其他西方商人一樣,發現中國這個隱遁在遙遠東方的國家,竟有著源源不斷的茶葉、生絲、瓷器和其他令西方人想望不已的東西,但是中國卻對西方貨物的需要微乎其微。西方商人為了彌補對華貿易逆差不斷努力,他們的船隻在世界各個角落尋求能在中國銷售的商品,但仍無法獲得足夠的商品來代替白銀以平衡對華貿易。當他們獲悉鴉片可帶來巨額的利潤後,毫不猶豫地加入對華鴉片的走私貿易。鴉片貿易影響中國與西方歷史既深且鉅,但是對於鴉片貿易和其後引起的戰爭,研究多集中在中英鴉片貿易,事實上,美國是僅次於英國當時對華的第二大鴉片貿易國,當時在華的重要洋行,除了同孚洋行(Olyphant&Co.)和魏特摩洋行(Wetmore&Co.)基於宗教信仰未販賣鴉片或短暫販賣鴉片之外,其他在美國重要的洋行如普金斯洋行(Perkins&Co.)、旗昌洋行(Russell&Co.)、瓊記洋行(Augustine Heard&Co.)、羅素〃史特卲斯洋行(Russell, Sturgis&Co.)等皆積極的介入此一賺錢的貿易。本文擬介紹這些美國在華洋行的重要領導人物對鴉片貿易的不同觀點、各洋行的鴉片貿易經營情形、美國在土耳其和印度兩地所經營的鴉片貿易,以及美國各大洋行面對中國欽差大臣林則徐禁煙所引起的鴉片危機的不同反應和所造成的影響進行研究。 |
英文摘要 | This paper focuses on the Opium Trade operated by American businessmen in the Old Guangzhou Trading Period. After Independence of the United States, Americans actively developed trade with China. Just like other western businessmen, American ones found China could provide tea, silk, porcelain and other Westerners desirable goods consecutively and boundlessly though China was a country reclusively in Far East. At the same time, the need for Western goods was minimal to China as China did not need any Westerners goods relatively. Western businessmen put continuous efforts to make up the deficit against China. Their boats were trying to find merchandise all over the world so as to import to China. Even so, the balance of the trade could not be balanced and couldn’t earn money in silver still. When Western businessmen learned opium could bring huge profit, they joined the China opium smuggling without hesitation. The Opium Trade affected China history deeply and significantly. Most of the researches focus on the Sino-British Opium War but not other related opium-related ones. In fact, the United States was the second largest country next to United Kingdom who sold opium to China. Except Olyphant & Co. and Wetmore & Co. who didn’t involve in opium trade based on religious belief; Perkins & Co., Russell & Co., Augustine Heard & Co. and so on joined the profitable trade actively. This paper introduces various viewpoints of the Opium Trade of those important U.S. leaders of Matheson; Opium Trade situations among various Matheson; the US opium trade operations in Turkey; Chinese Imperial Commissioner-Lin Zexu anti-smoking crisis as well as investigation of U.S. Matheson handling attitudes and impacts over Opium Trade. |
本系統之摘要資訊系依該期刊論文摘要之資訊為主。