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題 名 | 鴉片戰爭前美國在廣州的普金斯洋行與旗昌洋行的重要領導人(1784~1844)=The Important Leaders of the Perkins& Co. and the Russell& Co. in Guangzhou before the Opium War (1784~1844) |
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作 者 | 牛道慧; | 書刊名 | 龍華科技大學學報 |
卷 期 | 31 2011.12[民100.12] |
頁 次 | 頁179-210 |
分類號 | 558.09 |
關鍵詞 | 美國商人; 廣州貿易; 普金斯洋行; 旗昌洋行; American merchant; Guangzhou trade; Sino-American trade; Perkins & Co.; Russell & Co.; |
語 文 | 中文(Chinese) |
中文摘要 | 1783年美國脫離英國獨立,第二年一群紐約的商人即派出商船中國皇后號(TheEmpress of China)來到廣州,開啟了中美直接通商的歷史。此後直到 1844年中美兩國簽訂第一個不平等條約《望廈條約》為止,雙方共有 60年的交往過程。這段期間常被學者稱為「早期中美關係時期」,一些美國學者或稱其為「約前時代」(Pre-treaty day),或是舊廣州貿易時期(Old Canton Trade Period)。在這段期間,對華貿易就已受到美國政府和民間的高度重視,成為當時遭到英國打擊而被迫封閉的美國經濟重要的源頭活水。八年獨立戰爭的炮火,使這個新興的共和國尚未享受獨立自主的喜悅,就要面臨經濟困難的厄運,但是美國還是生存了下來,幫助美國最大的無疑就是海外貿易。對華貿易對剛成立的共和國來說是一種全新的嘗試,當時美國對開闢中國航線充滿信心,中國皇后號成功的首航,更是鼓舞了那些擁有雄心壯志的商人和水手。而這段時間更有許多傑出而活躍的商人或是貨艙總監(supercargo,或譯隨船大班)在中國貿易上表現不凡,他們的故事引人入勝,本文主要討論龍與鷹早期接觸時期,也就是在舊廣州貿易時期,美國人在廣州成立的商行中,早期最具代表性和最具規模的普金斯洋行(Perkins&Co.),以及後被稱為在華最大美國商行的旗昌洋行(Russell & Co.)裡的重要商人家族與領導者,敘述他們的事蹟與影響。 |
英文摘要 | United States escaped from British in 1783 and became independent then. A group of businessmen in New York sent out merchant vessel-“The Empress of China” to Guangzhou, China, Direct trade history opened between China and U.S from the following year. Since then until 1844 China and U.S. singed the very first unequal treaty ( Wanghia Treaty), there were 60-year of commercial interaction mutually. Scholars often refer this period of time as “Early stage of Sino-US relations”, some American scholars also call it “Pre-treaty day” or “Old Canton Trade Period” instead. In fact, those trade activities attracted high attentions from U.S. and private sectors. Though British economic isolation impacted U.S. seriously, yet the trade activities did become an important source to U.S. economic at that time. 8-year independent war fire brought economic difficulty to the new-born country before Americans enjoyed the independence. But U.S. survived due to significant oversea trade. Trade with China is a wholly new attempt to this just established Republic country. However, Americans had full confidences in developing sea routes to China. The success of the maiden voyage of the “Empress of China” encouraged ambitious American businessmen and sailors. There were many outstanding and active traders or supercargo directors doing a great trade in China whose stories are fascinating. This article focuses on the representitives of "Early Stage of Dragon and the Eagle Time" who represented the old Guangzhou trade period as well as United States at the same time. It also introduces the first American firms established in Guangzhou before Chinese "Opium War" including the largest Perkins & Co. (普金斯洋行) in the early phase as well as key merchant families and leaders of later known largest Russell & Co. in China (旗昌洋行). |
本系統中英文摘要資訊取自各篇刊載內容。