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題名 | Expressions of Disagreement in Arguing by Different Language Speakers: An Examination of the Influence of Culture and Power=美語人士與臺灣英語學習者爭論中不同意語用法之研究:文化與權勢的影響之考量 |
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作者姓名(中文) | 段惠珍; | 書刊名 | 慈惠學術專刊 |
卷期 | 1 民94.10 |
頁次 | 頁151-166 |
分類號 | 805.1 |
關鍵詞 | 面子理論; 不贊同語式; 和諧取向; 言語行為; 禮貌; Face theory; Politeness systems theory; Rapport orientation; Speech acts; |
語文 | 英文(English) |
中文摘要 | 本研究旨在檢視台灣英語 (EFL) 學習者的中介言語行為,尤其著重於學習者如何在特定機構中,與對話者在權力關係不平等的情況下,使用不贊同語式 (speech act of disagreement)。我們比較台灣英語學習者與美語為母語者為舒緩或加強不贊同面子威脅 力量所使用的策略及用話,以瞭解文化不同所造成的差異。本研究經由角色扮演問卷調查進行語料收集,並以描述統計來分析不贊同語式與不同文化的語用差異(pragmatic ditference)。我們有以下幾點發現: 一、台灣英語學習者與美語為母語者使用不贊同策略及用語會隨著不同情境而有所改變。這是因為在不同的情況中,不贊同者與對話者在權力地位土有不平等的關係,因而導致受試者〈即可台灣英語學習者與美語為母語者〉使用不贊同策略及用語。當他們扮演遭上可指責怠工的職員時,他們以反訴 (counterclaim) 的方式,尋求進一步的協商。當他們扮演遭下屬指責竊據構想的上司時,他們直接反駁下屬的控訴。而美語為母語者,無論面對上司或屬下時,皆用反訴的方式表達他們不同意的態度。 二、當美語為母語者扮演公司總裁對屬下所提出的計劃案表達不贊同時,大多先表達對屬下的努力與計畫肯定的看法 (positive remarks) 及感謝,然後在對此案進行批評。而大多數的台灣英語學習者扮演大學學生對屬下所提出的計劃案直接進行批評,並鮮少使用肯定用語或感謝。 三、當美語為母語者扮演大學學生對教授的評分表達不贊同時,卻鮮少使用肯定用語或感謝。而以批評教授評分不公或反駁教授對他們能力的否定,來捍衛自己的價值與能力。為數不少的美語為母語者,甚至要求教授重審自己的考卷。相反地,台灣英語學習者扮演大學學生對教授的評分表達不贊同時,鮮少使用批評或反駁策略。他們則訴說自己得低分的心情感受,並且強調自己對此考試的重視與努力,進而要求教授再給自己補考的機會。 Brown & Levinson (1978; 1987) 的禮貌理論中,權力地位與冒犯程度二因素可說明在 自然情境裡,人們使用不同的策略與用語去表達不贊同,但不足解釋所有不贊同語式的產生。本研究則指出文化差異與爭論話題亦會影響說話者選擇使用表達不贊同的策略及用語。 |
英文摘要 | The purpose of this study is to compare the expressions of English disagreement among Taiwanese learners with those of American native speakers. Four scenarios for disagreement are designed for undergraduate students in USA and Taiwan respectively to construct when they disagree with inter1ocutors with more institutionalized power and with less institutionalized power. The interactive discourse completion test (IDCT) method is applied for data collection. When disagreeing with the interlocutors of higher social status, Taiwanese EFL learners are found to use the act type of counterclaim and their utterances allow further negotiation. Native speakers of English in America are favoring the act type of counterclaim in the case of being accused of tardy work by the supervisor; much to our surprise, they “get up their nerve” to repudiate the professor’s unfavorable assessment. When disagreeing with the interlocutors of lower social status, the Taiwanese are apt to contradict the interlocutor’s assessment and accusation and even attack the addressee、s competency. The Americans, to the contrary, are likely to use counterclaims in their turns to voice disagreement or disapproval with the accusation and assessment from the status inferior. The participant relations of relative power have a greater impact on Taiwanese disagreeing behavior than on English. The study proves to be beneficial because it provides information about sociolinguistic transfer from LI in the Taiwanese English. It also validates the assumption that cultural backgrounds and participant relations of relative social power may determine the ways disagreements are communicated. |
本系統之摘要資訊系依該期刊論文摘要之資訊為主。