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題 名 | 清初欽差制度發展之研究=A Study of the Developing of Imperial Envoy System in Ch'ing Dynasty |
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作 者 | 李順民; | 書刊名 | 慈濟技術學院學報 |
卷 期 | 6 2004.09[民93.09] |
頁 次 | 頁181-199 |
分類號 | 573.41 |
關鍵詞 | 清初; 欽差; 制度; 皇權; 危機處理; Ch'ing dynasty; Imperial envoy; System; Imperial authority; Crisis management; |
語 文 | 中文(Chinese) |
中文摘要 | 制度史為傳統中國史學重要領域之一,其研究以官制沿革為首,惟學者多側重於建制內常態組織之探討,而對臨時性任務編組著墨不深。在中國傳統王朝之中,明清政府典制之粲然大備歷來深受肯定,然自明代中期後遇有突發重大事件,君主每越過正常機關,以「欽差」名義揀選大臣直接負責處理,或者派遣欽差巡按地方,以為耳目。清廷入關之初,一面承襲明代典制,運用欽差執行監察地方吏員的任務,但同時因應現實加以調整,亦賦予欽差軍事與行政上的權責,透過三種欽差彼此的合作與制衡,清朝的統治逐漸穩固,帝王展現莫大的權威。但是,隨著政權的穩定,康熙朝的欽差派遣一度銳減,欽差逐漸轉型,成為危機處理的一種手段,擔負起監察高官犯罪與災難救助的工作。順著這種發展,欽差的派任逐漸具有專業化傾向,但是,同時也開始偏向由帝王親任的大臣擔任,使得欽差成為扮演貫徹帝王意志、實際處理軍國大事的關鍵角色。因此,探討清初政府制度運作之時,除了分析傳統常設組織外,應合併考量臨時編組之「欽差」制度發展歷程,當能對清代皇權之強化、中央與地方政府互動關係、清廷危機處理成效等面向,提出較為周延與全面之解釋。 |
英文摘要 | The system history is one of the important fields in Chinese history. In this field, the development of administration system is the most favorite subject. However, most of the studies of this subject focus on the organization of this system. The temporary assignment is not so widely discussed. Most of scholars suppose the systems of administration in Ming Dynasty and Ch’ing Dynasty are well developed. However, the Emperor would send some Imperial Envoys to inspect counties on normal, when there was a crisis, the Emperor would choose an Imperial Envoy to deal with the crisis. At the beginning of Ch’ing Dynasty, the system of administration was mostly inherited from Ming Dynasty and was frequently adjusted according to its practice. The Emperor constantly sent three kinds of Imperial Envoys to local area, one of them inspected local officials, one of them commanded army, and the other administered local government. In this way, the system of administration is far more well developed and promoted to a higher level so as to found the prosperous period of first century of Ch’ing Dynasty. And the authority of the Emperor grew gradually. When Con-Si succeeded as Emperor, he no more sent numbers of Imperial Envoys to local area. Hence the Imperial Envoy becomes an important trigger to deal with the crisis. Nevertheless, even though the administration system is well established, the imperial envoy is more frequently dispatched as the time passes. Moreover, in Ch’ing Dynasty, the Emperor liked to choice trustful and efficient minister to be the Imperial Envoy. In this way, the Imperial Envoy becomes an important role to carry out the emperor’s will and to manage the important events. Therefore, when we explore the function of administration system in Ch’ing Dynasty, in addition to the conventional analysis of the organization of administration, if we can take the development of Imperial Envoy into consideration, we can offer a more thorough and full explanation toward the development of emperor authority, the interrelationship between the central and local governments, and the effects in dealing with the crisis. |
本系統中英文摘要資訊取自各篇刊載內容。