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題名 | 水平導向鑽孔對地面沉陷之影響= |
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作者 | 范振暉; 陳卓然; 陳勁甫; 王勝雄; |
期刊 | 石油鑽採工程 |
出版日期 | 20031200 |
卷期 | 44 2003.12[民92.12] |
頁次 | 頁8-22 |
分類號 | 441.13 |
語文 | chi |
關鍵詞 | 水平導向鑽孔; 有限元素法; 沉陷量; Horizontal directional drilling; Finite element; Subsidence; |
中文摘要 | 水平導向鑽孔技術(Horizontal Directional Drilling, HDD)在近幾年引進臺灣,成為管線敷設穿越障礙的最佳新技術。其他像是都市計畫中之地下水污水排水系統以及電信電纜地下化工程也可以應用此種工法施工。HDD工法最大的優點之一在於它對地面建物的影響非常小,明顯優於傳統之明開挖法。尤其現今的都市,人口稠密,地面建物密度高,採用此種工法,不但管線路線可以簡單化,對地面建物和人類活動的影響也可以降到最低。目前,國內現有的輸油或輸氣管線,除了近幾年新敷設完成者外,大部份都已相當老舊;再者,因為經濟的成長,使得敷設或更新管線業務的需求大幅增加,益發凸顯HDD的重要性。 本研究採用陳卓然等(1993)推導之經驗公式概算法以及有限元素數值分析(Finite Element Numerical Analysis)等二種方法,對水平導向鑽孔施工後可能產生之地表面下陷進行計算。前者是以臺北盆地之地質條件為基礎,將主要影響參數簡化後之概算公式,較為保守;而後者則是一種為各種領域廣泛應用的分析方法,尤其是在大地工程上的分析。利用有限元素數值分析法寫成的套裝軟體相當多,各有其不同的適用材料及應用範圍與目的。本研究是採用荷蘭Delft大學及德國Stuttgart大學等多國學術研究單位共同支援研發完成,屬土壤及岩盤專用之有限元素法數值分析軟體PLAXIS來進行分析計算。PLAXIS的運算分析主要是考慮所欲分析材料之物理、力學特性參數以及邊界條件,除一般之開挖回填等靜力分析外,亦可針對在地震來臨時之震動條件參數進行動態分析。其他諸如與水耦合之彈塑性壓密分析、及地震影響下只要未達土壤液化前之孔隙水壓變化也可模擬,因此被廣泛應用於土木工程有關之數值分析。 以經驗公式概算所得到的結果顯示,因HDD施工而可能引起之路面沉陷量小於1 cm,符合高工局訂定的安全標準;而有限元素法方面,利用所蒐集到鄰近地區之地質鑽探資料進行初步數值分析計算的結果顯示,即使考慮完工後因某種原因,導致原本充滿環孔的泥漿完全滲透至地層而形成無支撐力之容許下陷間隙,其在施工之後短期內所造成之最大路面垂直下陷量為0.21 cm,橫向變化率為0.16 cm/15 m;而長期降伏區變位所造成之最大路面垂直下陷量為0.57 cm,橫向變化率為0.41 cm/14 m,二者均在容許之下陷範圍內,並不會對高速公路造成人車安全之影響。 |
英文摘要 | The Horizontal Directional Drilling (HDD) has been introduced into Taiwan in recent years, and has become one of the best techniques when placing pipeline crossing obstructions. Other than pipeline placement, it is also applicable to underground sewage drainage system and underground cable system. The greatest advantage of HDD technique is its much less impact on to the surface structure compared to traditional techniques such as excavation. Especially, modern cities are normally high density in population and construction. It allows not only simplifying the pipeline planning but also minimizing the impact exerted to the surface constructions as well as human activities. At present, the existing oil or gas pipelines are mostly aged except those implemented recently. In addition, the economic growth has lead to increasing demand of pipeline implementation, which makes the HDD even more important. An estimate equation derived by Chen (1993) and a Finite Element Numerical Analysis methods were employed in the present study to evaluate the surface subsidence induced by HDD. The former is derived based on the geologic condition of Taipei basin and reduced the imput parameters. It gives a rapid estimate but tend to be on the conservative side. The later is a technique widely used in various aspects, particularly on civil engineering and geo-mechanics. There exist many different finite Element software packages available on the market, each of those is favored for specific material and/or usage. The one used in the study, PLEXIS, is developed by a multi-nation joint research group including Delft University in Holland and Stuttgart University in Germany, and is designed specifically for engineering in soil and rock materials. The variables that PLAXIS takes into considerations include the physical and mechanical characteristics of the materials and the margin conditions. It allows static stress condition and the corresponding deformation to be analyzed, and is also capable of evaluating dynamic phenomenon, for example the earth quake. On top of that, elasto-plastic consolidation of soil, pore pressure change before soil liquefaction can also be simulated by the software, and this is why PLAXIS is widely used in civil engineering. The results calculated from the estimate equation show that the road surface subsidence resulting from HDD is less than 1 cm which is within the tolerance of the safety regulation. The results of the finite element analysis using material characteristics obtained from neighboring geologic investigation indicate that even the mud, which is supposed to fill the entire annulus, for some reasons leaks off into the soil formation forming a void space that allows the borehole to collapse, the short term maximum subsidence is 0.21 cm with a rate of 0.16 cm/15 m. In long term, when creep comes into the play, the maximum subsidence is 0.57 cm with a rate of 0.41 cm/14 m. Both cases sit well within the safety regulation and will not cause any considerable impact to the free way. |
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