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題 名 | 臺灣與日本土壤有機質的分解聚積模擬與肥力維持=Modeling of Organic Matter Turnover and Fertility Maintenance in Taiwan and Japan |
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作 者 | 陳琦玲; 連深; | 書刊名 | 中華農業研究 |
卷 期 | 51:2 2002.06[民91.06] |
頁 次 | 頁50-65 |
分類號 | 434.22 |
關鍵詞 | 土壤有機質; 分解; 模擬; Soil organic matter; Turnover; Modeling; |
語 文 | 中文(Chinese) |
中文摘要 | 本報告之目的是以臺灣三處與日本二處長期試驗資料,檢討不同環境及耕作制度下,連續施用一定量作物殘體或有機質肥料後,土壤中有機質的分解與累積的情形,並嘗試以一階反應方程式模擬之,以概括了解其長期趨勢,進而估算維持不同土壤有機質含量所需施用有機質肥料施用量。討論之臺灣長期試驗資料包括臺北每年二作水稻之48年試驗、屏東萬巒每年二作水稻和秋作大豆之14年試驗及臺南善化每年二作或二作大豆之9年試驗等資料,日本長期試驗包括琦玉縣鴻巢市每年一作水稻之60年試驗和神奈川縣平塚市寺田村每年洋蔥-甘藍各一作之9年試驗。結果顯示,溫帶較熱帶、水田較旱田,可維持較高的土壤有機質含量。化學肥料之長期施用較無肥區可維持較高的土壤有機質含量,而綠肥之長期施用,雖能使土壤有機質含量稍高於化肥區,但比之堆肥區則效果甚小。欲藉有機質肥料之施用,以提高有機質含量,臺灣環境顯然較日本環境困難,旱田又較水田難。利用臺灣地區有機質肥料在土壤中分解快速之事實,農地可利用作為無害有機廢棄物之處置場所,以達廢棄物減量之目的。但需按其分解特性,酌定合理施用量,以防二次污染。根據試驗與模擬分析結果,臺北水田在無肥狀態下以每作水稻收穫之殘株及根(約1.4 Mg/ha/year)即可維持土壤有機質含量於3.5%水準,而欲使台北水田土壤有機質含量,由無肥區維持之3.5%提高至4.5%,每年需施用17 Mg/ha(鮮重)廄肥,達穩常狀態時(約需70年),每年可釋出約180 kg/ha氮量;在連用十年後,氮素礦化率即達85%,每年可釋出約150 kg/ha氮量。善化旱田由1%提高到2%,每年需投入110 Mg/ha蔗渣濾泥堆肥(鮮重),穩常狀態時(約需30年)可釋出約740 kg/ha氮量;在連用五年後,其礦化率已達90%,每年可釋出670 kg/ha氮量,因此長期施用,恐有污染之虞。 |
英文摘要 | This paper reviews changes of organic matter content in the soils of some long-term experiments conducted in Taiwan and Japan, where different rates of crops residues or organic manure had been applied continuously. The decomposition and accumulation of organic matter in the soils were simulated as the first order reaction and the model was used to estimate the input of organic manure required to maintain different levels of organic matter in the soils. The experiments of Taiwan consist of a 48-year field trial with the cropping system of two crops paddy rice per year in Taipei, a 14-year field trial with the cropping system of rice-rice-soybean per year in Pingtung and a 9-year field trial with the cropping system of 2-3 crops soybean per year. The experiments of Japan consist of a 60-year field trial with the cropping system of one crop paddy rice per year in Saitama, Japan and a 9-year field trial with the cropping system of onion-cabbage per year in Kanagawa. The results indicate that soil organic matter can maintain a higher level generally in the Temperature than in the Tropics, and in paddy than in upland. The long-term application of chemical fertilizer did not deplete the content of soil organic matter but even increase slightly compared to the soil without application of fertilizers. A stabilized content (3.0%) of organic matter was, in fact, maintained in the soil without application of fertilizer in this paddy soil; the rice stubble and roots remained in the soil after the harvests were enough to maintain this level of organic matter without any tendency of depletion. On the other hand, the long-term application of green manure did not increase the content of soil organic matter as significantly as that of compost did, although it did increase slightly higher than the soil with the application of chemical fertilizer. Apparently, the increase of soil organic matter though the application of organic manure is more difficult in Taiwan than in Japan due to its higher rate of decomposition. This characteristics, however, is advantageous for agricultural land to act as disposal places for the harmless organic waste producted by animal husbandry. The reasonable rate of application, however, should be evaluated so that environmental impact will be minimized. According to the results of the experiments and simulation analysis, the continuous application of 17 Mg/ha/year (fresh weight basis) of farm yard manure for 70 years is required to raise soil organic matter from the level level of 3.5% to 4.5%, both at nearly steady state, in the paddy field of Taipei. The rate of N release at steady status maintaining 4.5% organic matter is 180 kg N/ha/year. On the other hand, the continuous application of 110 Mg/ha/year (fresh weight basis) of bagasse filter cake compost for 30 years is required to raise soil organic matter from the level of 1% to 2%, both at nearly steady state, in the upland field of Tainan. The rate of N release at steady state maintaining 2% organic matter is 740 kg N/ha/year. The long-term continuous application of 110 Mg/ha/year (fresh weight basis) of bagasse filter cake compost apparently will cause pollution to the environment. |
本系統中英文摘要資訊取自各篇刊載內容。