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題 名 | 論科學哲學中的「求知方法」="Scientific Method" in Scientific Philosophy |
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作 者 | 張家麟; | 書刊名 | 中山人文社會科學期刊 |
卷 期 | 8:1=18 2000.06[民89.06] |
頁 次 | 頁279-304 |
分類號 | 160 |
關鍵詞 | 實証主義; 典範; 否証主義; 研究綱領; 無政府主義; 質化研究; Positivism; Paradigm; Falsificationism; Research program; Theoretical anarchism; Quality study; |
語 文 | 中文(Chinese) |
中文摘要 | 如果說,「科學」有兩種涵義: 1.科學為求知識的方法。(method of obtaining knowledge) 2.科學為知識本身。(body of knowledge) (Alan C, Isaak, 1991:29) 前項為科學的「方法」,後一項則為據此方法而達成科學的「目 標」。本文暫且不論第二層定義,只對第一層定義作科學哲學的思 考。探討當代科學哲學家對此問題的主張與論辯。 對研究方法的思考,以微觀的角度來看,遠從蘇格拉底 (Socrates, 470 B.C.-399 B.C.)起,他的「助產婆式」的教學法, 用壞疑、否定的辯証方式(Dialectics)求知,已具有相當強烈「科 學方法」思維。如果用巨視的整體觀點看研究方法,近則以孔恩 (Thomas Kuhn)建構「典範」(paradigm)的科學哲學「科學」 觀,最具可觀性。 不管鉅視或微觀科學方法的思維,皆具有深入探究的必要。本 文即是在科學哲學中,對此問題的諸多派別,擷取當代科學社群 (scientific community)常見的幾個學派,像「實証主義( positivism)、「典範」(paradigm)、「否証主義」(falsificationism)、 「研究綱領」(research program)、「無政府主義」 (theoretical anarchism)及質化研究(quality study)等學派作比 較分析。探討以下三個問題。釐清下列三個問題: 1.科學哲學中的「科學方法」的論點。 2.比較其在「科學方法」的論點差異。 3.科學哲學觀對社會科學在「研究方法」的影響。 |
英文摘要 | "Science" has two means, the one is "method of obtaining knowledge" ; and the other is "body of knowledge". In this paper we will focus on the first concept. From Socrates (470 B.C. -399 B.C.) to Thomas Kuhn, they are great philosophers, have deeply thinking about scientific method. Socrates used dialectics method to teach his students and search for truth. Thomas Kuhn had studied scientific history, and he got the "paradigm" conclusion. The paradigm includes two very important key points. Science is a method and a set of theory. In scientific history, they are always changing. This phenomenon calls paradigm shift. In this paper, we discourse scientific philosopher's option about what is "method of obtaining knowledge", we compare positivism, paradigm, falsificationism, research program, theoretical anarchism and quality study. We desire to solve two question's answer. 1.What is "method of obtaining knowledge"﹖ 2.Compare these schools in this concept the same and different﹖ |
本系統中英文摘要資訊取自各篇刊載內容。