頁籤選單縮合
題名 | 水稻十二型三染體之育成兼論其在遺傳育種上之應用=Studies on the Development of Twelve Types of Trisomice in Rice with Reference to Genetic Study and Breeding Programme |
---|---|
作者姓名(中文) | 胡兆華; | 書刊名 | 中華農學會報 |
卷期 | 63 民57.09 |
頁次 | 頁53-71 |
關鍵詞 | 水稻; 十二型三染體; 遺傳育種; |
語文 | 中文(Chinese) |
中文摘要 | 一套完全組的三染體植物被認為只是遺傳因子之聯繫?及其染色體之良好體系,此已由玉蜀黍、番茄、大麥等作物之三染體研究予以證實。在日本、印度及美國過去曾有發現一乃至數型水稻三染體之報告,但迄未有育成十二型三染體者。本文係研究自然發生各種水稻三倍體植物後代,並從臺灣在來二期作品種格仔中育成十二型三染體,或為此方面完成之最初報告。茲將研究過程及結果摘要如後: (一)水稻二倍體雖然不易得自四倍體與二倍體雜交或放射線處理,但可在普通稻田或品種雜交後代中找到。EMS1%溶液4乃至8小時處理亦可有效的誘發三倍體,三倍體認為係產生三染體最好來源之一。 (二)水稻的三倍體雖然有高達50~70%之良好花粉,但在隔離自然狀態下只有1% 前後的稔實種子。在稻田中與周圍二倍體稻自然雜交可得5~6%種子。人工授粉可提高約達10%稔實率。但增加者多為發育不完全或無胚乳之種子。 (三)三倍體稻的種子依其胚乳發育程度而發芽率不同,胚乳發育良好,中度及無胚乳種子之發芽率各為85%、75%及42%。大部分發芽後之幼植物於一個月內陸續夭折,平均只有37%幼植物能夠繼續生長,無胚乳的種子雖曾在WHITE氏培養基內培植加以特別照顧,僅有極少數長成。 (四)從三倍體稻普通種子所培植出來植物中有30%是三染體,44%是多二個額外染色體,後者(2n=2)經細胞學的檢查知多係複三染體(Double trisomics),再培植其後代可得47%的三染體。由此可知自三倍體後代除直接獲得三染體外尚可自2n+2之異數體植物中誘導。 (五)三倍體稻後代各種異數體之出現頻度,綜合迄今四研究者之數值發現尚可符合波艾生(POISON)分佈,啟示異數體之產生係染色體機會的組合。 (六)自水稻格仔品種三倍體後代直接的或間接的誘導之三染體計有98株,經植物形態的歸類,自交種子後代遺傳的檢定等初步歸納為十二種不同型。三染體之鑑別有數型可以在幼植時期識別,餘必須在成熟期進行。一般三染體植珠具有較矮、晚熟、穀粒及穗形大小變化,種子稔實率較低等特徵。 (七)水稻三染體之額外染色體自交時之傳遞率平均為36.7%,各型三染體均可在其後代容易再度發現。 (八)從上述之研究及所得結果而推測,水稻之各型三染體似可在某些水稻品種三倍體植物之胚乳充實程度中度以上良好種子中培養而得。今後有關此項材料尚需研究各型染色體之特徵、植物生理、及與各種已知或未知遺傳因子植株行雜交,以研究確定秈稻之遺傳聯繫?。本文對水稻三染體完全組作出之困難點及秈稻之遺傳研究對將來臺灣及東南亞水稻育種之應用曾加以討論。 |
英文摘要 | A complete set of trisomics are considered one of the good systems to indicate the chromosomes with their respective linkage groups. This has been proved in maize, tomato and barley. One to several different trisomics of rice have been obtained in various countries but little used in genetic studies. Attempts to establish a complete set of 12 trisomics of rice have been made by Indian and Japanese workers. However, nobody has so far succeeded to complete a set of 12 different trisomics of this economically most important plant. The Symposium on Rice Genetics and Cytogenetics which was held at The International Rice Research Institute, Philippines, 1963, called attention to the establishment of a complete set of trisomics as well as translocation within a single variety in order to assist the development of more complete linkage maps. These were listed in the ten important areas of research meriting strengthened or new research. The present author has collected several spontaneous triploid, including both Indica and Japonica varieties, for producing trisomics. He studied on the progenies of the tripoids and completed a set of trisomic from a Taiwan native photosensitive variety, Kehtze (Indica). The experimental results and observations are summarized as follows: 1. Triploid is considered one of the best sources to produce trisomics. In rice, unfortunately, to obtain a triploid by crossing between tetraploid and diploid plants or induction of mutation by radiation treatments has been difficult (see Table 1). In the present study, spontaneous triploids provided the source, in addition to the triploids obtained from the second generation of the rice seed that was treated with Ethyl Methanesulfonate (0.1%)(see Table 2). 2.The normal stained pollen grains of the triploid plants was rated as high as 50-70%. However, the percent of actually fertilized seeds reached only 1% and 5-6% in isolated nurseries and in ordinary rice field, respectively. The higher seed setting in rice field condition indicated some degree of cross-fertilization. The artificial pollination by using diploid pollen increased seed setting of triploid plants to a certain extent but most of the seeds were undeveloped and/or endospermless (see Table 3). 3. Germination rates of fully developed, less developed and endospermless seeds were 85%, 75% and 42%, respectively. Most of the seedlings died after germination particulary endospermless ones. Thirty seven percent, in average, of triploid progenies survived. Endospermless seeds were sown in a complete medium (White's culture) and were carefully raised but few survived (see Table 4). 4. The frequencies of trisomics and 2n+2 plants obtained from the progenies(1st generation) of triploid were 30% and 44% respectively (see Table 5). The 2n+2 plants further (2nd generation) produced trisomic as demonstrated in cytological studies with a frequency of 47% of observed plants. It seems that trisomics obtained directly from the progeny of triploid were not as frequent as from the 2n+2 plants (see Table 8). 5. A Poisson-test of aneuploid plants that were derived from triploid hitherto investigated suggests that the plant's chromosome number were due to random assortment (see Tables 6 and 7). 6. A total of 98 trisomics derived from a single variety Kehtze were identified. They were classified into 12 different types based on the morphological features. In the young plants of trisomics only several types could be distinguished from the diploid control but more distinguished features can be found in adult plants. The trisomic plants generally showed, short stature, deplayed heading, changes in the size of spikelets and panicle, and low seed-setting (see Table 10). 7. The transmission of the extra chromosome in rice trisomics by self-pollenized seeds was average at 36.7%. Each type of trisomic can easily recovered in their progeny (see Table 11). 8. Based on the information and methods, it might be suggested that the different types of trisomic can be obtained from certain varieties of rice which orginated from fully and moderately developed seeds of triploid. The difficulty in completion of a set of trisomics of rice reported by Indian and Japanese workers might be due to the physiological character of the variety. A further study will concentrate on chromosome morphology, physiological characteristics and crossing with various gene-makers with these trisomic plants. Also, complete linkage groups of Indica variety by using present materials will be established. The trisomic plants applied to a rice breeding program in Indica varieties, particulary derived from Taiwan varieties, are of great interest to the rice workers not only in Taiwan but also to all rice producing countries. |
本系統之摘要資訊系依該期刊論文摘要之資訊為主。