頁籤選單縮合
題名 | 臺灣本島育成甘蔗品種之推廣與展望=The Commercial Release and Prospect of the Home-raised Varieties of Sugarcane in Taiwan |
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作者 | 駱君驌; | 書刊名 | 中華農學會報 |
卷期 | 33 民50.03 |
頁次 | 頁18-33 |
關鍵詞 | 臺灣本島育成甘蔗; 品種; |
語文 | 中文(Chinese) |
英文摘要 | Sugarcane breeding programme had been reoriented since 1945 and hybridization-selection works were continuing both in Pingtung and Tainan from then on. This followed by the intensifying project on the regional tests of sugarcane varieties of the whole Island in 1946 initiated by the Pingtung Station. It consists of 7-rowed plot each row with 1.25 meter and 8 meters in length, four replications and randomized arrangement. The regional test of surgarcane varieties undertook for each crop year covering from thirteen to seventeen climatic regions of this Island. Until 1952, the standard device of the regional test of sugarcane was modified from 7-rowed plot into 6-rowed plot and the size of the plot changed from 7×8×1.25 square meters into 6×10×1.37 square meters due to the mechanizaton of the sugarcane field. Test was also four replications and randomized arrangement. The breeding programme was strengthened by the establishment of downy mildew epiphytotic nursery in Sinchu in 1954 and the rigorous application of artificial inoculation tests for disease resistance with pure incoulum of mosaic, red rot, leaf scorch and pineapple disease of sugarcane. All of these resistant tests for the major diseases of Taiwan provided a powerful mean in promoting the selection work to discard the undesirable seedlings produced every year. The home-raised varieties of sugarcane had been commercially released by the Taiwan Surgar Experiment Station since 1956 and the following varieties had been well established commercially in this Island. 1. F141 (P.T. 51-11): Bred by the Pingtung Station in 1951, a seedling of P.T. 46-150 ×P.T. 43-52. It is a medium to barrelled variety, diameter varies from 2.6 to 4.2 centimeters, averaging 2.8 to 3.0 centimeters. Internodes long, cylindrical, red color, reddish brown after exposure to sunlight. Leaves erect, slightly upward curved, color yellowish green. Stools upright, compact, closing-in slow, good for interplanting crop. It grows slowly throughout the dry-low-temperature period, from October to February, but accelerates at March as the temperature arose and continues its vegetative growth until October. It is a shy flowering variety of sugarcane, self-cleaning, suitable for mechanical harvest. Its stalk-rind hardness rates grade 1 and was selected just after the passage of typhoon by the with maximum velocity 32.5 meters per second in November 13, 1952 in the first year seedling field growing from the true seeds. The results of 76 yield tests (Table 2) showed that it surpassed the standard commercial variety N:Co. 310 with 1.2 to 8.8 tons of sugar per hectare. It was an high yielder, usually produced 150 tons of cane and 20 to 27 tons of sugar per hectare on irrigated land or rice field. It is resistant to red rot, leaf scorch and RSD, very resistant to mosaic and moderately resistant to downy mildew disease of sugarcane (Table 7). 2. F144 (P.T. 51-341): F1 rf N:Co. 310 ×P.T. 47-1079N, thin to medium stemmed variety, internodes cylindrical, long, diameter 2.4 to 2.8 centimeters, yellowish green color. Buds oval. Stooling varies with date of planting, stool spreads slightly in July-August planting but prostrates on the ground when planting lately at September and October. It requires high temperature for the stalk formation of the members of the stool. This is a rather fast growing cana utilizing effectively the light, heat and rainfall available during the rainy season of rainy season of the Island and 2/3 of its length of millable stalk was produced from June to September. Its vegetative growth terminates mostly at the end of October and matures at the beginning of November. It is one of the early mature variety now available for the early crushing period of the sugar mills. It is highly resistant to wind, performing excellently along the sea shore regions where the northern-east monsoon was strongly throughout the months from October to April in the West side of this Island. Among the 43 varietal tests of the three crop years of 1955-56, 1956-57 and 1957-58, it surpassed the standard variety N:Co. 310 for 20-30% in yield of sugar per hectare. It was commercially released in 1958 and its acreage increased year after year at present. It arrowed moderately at the harvesting season. 3. F147 (P.T. 52-50): A seedling of H32-8560 ×P.T. 43-52, it is a high yielder, averaging 160 to 190 metric tons of cane per hectare produced in 48 regionally varietal tests of sugarcane in three crop years (Table 3). It outyielded N:Co. 310 over 50 or even 100 percent in fertille rice field. It is a barrelled cane, internodes tumescent but slightly laterally, diameter 2.6 to 3.5 centimeters and length 13 to 7 centimeters; color greenish yellow. Buds oval, small. To be a good starter, it produces tillers profusely after 40 to 50 days of planting. Once the vegetative growth begins, it grows vigorously during the tillering period and produces homogenously beautiful millable stalks prior to the rainy season of the year. It is a shy flowering variety characterized by tall, self-cleaning millable stalks. Being lately matured variety, it is the only variety now available in this Island capable to increase yield in tonnage from 10 to 15 percent. if the cane to be harvested as late as from March to May. As a matter of fact, for years the cane farmers were complained the sugar mill to cause a lose to them if the harvest of N:Co. 310 is later than February 28. Since the increase of dead stalks resulted from late harvest decreases the yield of cane. 4. F146 (P.T. 51-204) F1 of N:Co. 310 ×P.T. 43-52, it is one of the newly released varieties of sugarcane which threatens to replace most of the cultivated acreage occupied by its female parent, N:Co. 310. This is especially true in place where the soil is moderately fertile yet unirrigated. It possesses the profusely tillering character of N:Co. 310 and growth potentiality of P.T. 43-52, the male parent plant. Of the 54 regionally varietal tests obtainad from four crop years from 1956-57 to 1959-60, the average of yield was 150-170 tons in cane and 19-22 tons in sugar per hectare. It outyielded N:Co. 310, 20 to 30% in sugar per hectare (Table 4). This is a barelled variety of sugarcane, diameter varies with different portion of the same stalk, those internodes of the bottom portion are usually larger than those of the top portion. Internodes are rather short, curved, 7 to 15 centimeters in length; color yellowish green. Buds obovate, germinate rapidly and uniformly even the soil moisture is not quite enough, being wonderful variety of sugarcane adaptable for the unirrigated land. It produces tillers continuously from October to March, but there is little vegetative growth for any member of the stool during this period, resulting the extremely crowding together of tillers at the base of the stool. Until the temperature is high enough and the soil moisture increased, it begins its elongative growth. From May to September, it is the "shooting" period of this variety. F146 matures at end of December. It produces flowering moderately on fertile land but profusely on poor one. Since the seed multiplication of this variety had been prompted by all plantation farms of the Taiwan Sugar Corporation last Autumn, it is anticipating that 1/4 new planting acreage of N:Co. 310 will be replaced by this variety in the crop year of 1961-62. 5. F148 (P.T. 52-399): It is a seedling of P.T. 48-655 ×P.T. 48-21. The female parent plant,P.T. 48-655, has 1/8 "blood" derived from POJ 2878, and P.T. 48-21 is F1 of C.P. 36-13 ×POJ 2878 and C.P. 36-13 is a parthenogentic seedling of POJ 2725, which is agian a sister variety of POJ 2878. It is apparently that F 148 is seedling of sibcross of POJ 2878 and POJ 2725. It has high sucrose content and matures as early as at the beginning of October of the year. This is a thin stemmed variety, diameter 2.2 to 2.7 centimeters, internodes long, 13-22 centimeters, cylindrical, color yellowish green. Buds oval, small, germinate fast and uniform. Tillers numerous, grow fast, closing-in early. Leaves yellowish green, erect, characterized by tip dropping. It performs excellent with good stand of millable stalks on land of moderate soil fertility with occasional irrigation, or the water level of the underground water is high. Averaging of 30 regionally varietal tests of three crop years from 1957-58 to 1959-60, it outyielded N:Co. 310 20% of sugar per hectare. It produced 105 to 147 metric tons of cane and 17 to 22 tons of sugar per hectare (Table 5). It is non-flowering variety, highly resistant to mosaic, downy mildew and leaf scorch, and moderate to red rot. 6. F149 (P.T. 52-227): This is a newly released variety of sugarcane recommended by Sugarcane Extension Committee this year (1960). It is a seedling of P.T. 43-52 ×C.P. 34-79. To be a medium stemmed variety, internodes bobbin-shaped, slightly falt, color dark purple, diameter 2.6 to 3.0 centimeters, length 10 to 17 centimeters. Buds oval with well developed wings flanked from the upper half of prophyllum, germinate rapidly. Tillers profuse and vigorous should the temperature and soil moisture be high. This is a good variety of sugarcane for early planting, July-August planting. Growth starts fast, performing beautifully in fertile, irrigated soil. Maturity begins at the beginnig of October as a spell of dry-low temperature setting in. It is a shy flowering variety. It joined the regionally varietal tests of sugarcane began in 1957-58 crop year and continued until 1959-60, the results of three crop years showed that it outyielded N:Co. 310 from 20 to 25 percent of sugar, or from 1 to 4 tons of sugar per hectare (Table 6). In rice centers such as Taichung and Pingtung valley, it performs remarkably good in Autumn paddy sugarcane, sugarcane interplanting with Autumn paddy rice. It enables sugarcane crop to get back its former acreage in districts where paddy rice, tobacco and cotton have occupied at present. Due to its dark green, erect, upward curved leaves and its charateristics of selfstripping of the mature leaves, it suffered little damage from borrers, aphids and rates, the prevailing pests of this Island. It is highly resistant to mosaic, downy mildew and RSD, and very resistant to red rot disease of sugarcane. The milling tests of this variety made by the Taiwan Sugar Experiment Station in the 1958-59 crop year showed that the juice qualities of this variety is excellent and even better than those of N:Co. 310. The commercial release of the six home-raised varieties of sugarcane above mentioned will change tremendously the picture of sugar industry of Taiwan enumerated as followings: 1. Yield of sugar per hectare increases. 2. The retreating from rice centers of the sugarcane crop might eventually regain its former acreage. 3. They make mechanicala harvesting possible. 4. Sugarcane acreage might increase immediately on irrigated districts. 5. In production a million metric tons of sugar a year, the harvesting acreage required 110 thousand hectare at present might reduce from 70 to 80 thousand hectares in the near future. 6. The scources of pathogen of the major diseases of sugarcane of this Island had been minimized by the release of these resistant varieties. The future of our breeding programme might emphasize more on yield rather than on disease prevention. With the objective to produce 15 to 20 tones of sugar per hectare in our breeding programme, we are going to accumulate the yield genes generation after generation from the superior synthetic hybrids which had been proved to be the high yielders of this Island. Advantages are taken that "the synapsis seldom takes place between the chromosomes of the opposite parent but is almost always among the chromosomes of either parent only, i.e. autosyndetic" (7). The characteristics of cytogenetics of Saccharum enable the various yield genes to bring together into an individual. Experiences of the past decade showed that such superior seedlings might be produced in progressive synthesis and the problem is how to identify them by the competent breeder. |
本系統之摘要資訊系依該期刊論文摘要之資訊為主。