頁籤選單縮合
題 名 | 海耶克與老子自由思想之比較=A Comparison of Hayek and Lao-Tzu on Liberal Thoughts |
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作 者 | 石慧瑩; | 書刊名 | 社會文化學報 |
卷 期 | 7 1998.12[民87.12] |
頁 次 | 頁25-50 |
分類號 | 570.9941、570.9941 |
關鍵詞 | 自然; 自發秩序; 政府; 律則; 法治; 超立法原理; 道; 無為; Nature; Spontaneous order; Government; Rules; Meta-legal doctrine; Tao; No action; |
語 文 | 中文(Chinese) |
中文摘要 | 在人類的歷史上,為謀有秩序的社會生活,以保障生命財產的自由與安全,政治組織乃應運而生。然而弔詭的是,以促進幸福為目的的政治組織卻常以維護社會秩序為名,戕害被多數人視為是幸福要素之一的「自由」權利,而為爭取自由權利西方出現了自由主義理論。 當代自由主義大師海耶克(Friendrich A. von Hayek)倡導「自發的秩序」,主張在社會演化的過程中自然會形成所謂「自發的秩序」,人類應尊重此自發秩序的功能。事實上,海耶克認為秩序是人類做為「有限理性」所無法全盤設計的,在這種情況下,雖然人為律法仍是規範社會秩序的有力工具,但人為秩序應以自發秩序為本,立法必須符合「超立法原理」,使來自統治者的強制力儘可能地降至最低,以達到保障人民自由之權利。 回溯古代中國的哲學思想,雖未曾出現一套像西方社會一樣的自由主義理論,卻可發現在老子的政治理論中,存在有高度發展的自由思想,其中更有若干論點與海耶克之主張不謀而合,如自然、無為而治等概念。本文將以東西方這兩位年代相隔久遠之哲學家為對象,針對他們對自發秩序的肯定、政府功能的認定、統治者的為政之道及如何保障人民自由生活的主張等方面加以論述與比較。 |
英文摘要 | Political organizations emerged in human history as mankind sought to create an orderly society in order to guarantee freedom and security of life and property. Paradoxically, these same political organizations often did violence to what most people call "liberty" when they pursued this good in the name of protecting social order, and thus in the West, the theory of libertarianism appeared as a struggle for human rights. The great modem authority on libertarianism, F. A. von Hayek, proposed the theory of "spontaneous order" and advocated that men should respect the function of it as it naturally developed in the course of social evolution. Actually, Hayek recognized that order was something that the limited reason of human beings could not completely provide for, and under these circumstances, even though making laws is an effective tool for establishing norms and social order, when they want to create order, people should take spontaneous order as their principle, and laws must be in accord with "meta-legal principles," reducing force used by rulers to a minimum in order to arrive at the guarantee of man's right to freedom. There never was anything like the libertarianism of the West in ancient Chinese philosophy, but the political thought of Lao-tzu contains some highly developed ideas about freedom which contain some arguments that coincide with Hayek's, such as a state ordered naturally, without any purposive action by a ruler. This paper will discuss and compare the position and arguments of these two widely separated thinkers, with regard to their thought on "spontaneous order," the function of government, how rulers should rule, and how they may secure the freedom of the people. |
本系統中英文摘要資訊取自各篇刊載內容。