頁籤選單縮合
題 名 | 樂戶在中國傳統社會中的地位與角色=Status and Role of Musicians in Traditional Chinese Society |
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作 者 | 喬健; | 書刊名 | 漢學研究 |
卷 期 | 16:2=32 1998.12[民87.12] |
頁 次 | 頁267-284 |
分類號 | 546.3 |
關鍵詞 | 樂戶; 地位與角色; 社會階級; 賤民; 底層社會; Yuehu music household; Statuses and roles; Social class mean people; Lower class; |
語 文 | 中文(Chinese) |
中文摘要 | 樂戶是中國傳統賤民中最突出的一種,首先是他們有鮮明的職業特色,其次是長 久持續的歷史,其三是樂戶是唯一的階級能把統治的最高層與被統治的最低層連接起來。我 們研究樂戶的目的,除了從碩果僅存的第一手資料瞭解樂戶本身外,便是透過樂戶進一步瞭 解傳統中國的底層社會。 幸得蔣經國國際學術交流基金會資助,並獲山西大學華北文化研究中心的人力支援,筆者得 自 1994 年夏起聯同山西當地的劉貫文與李天生兩位先生在晉東南對現存的當地樂戶作了一 個廣泛而深入的調查,共訪問了 151 戶樂戶。 調查結果已寫成報告題為《山西樂戶研究》 ,現在正修訂出版中。本文則以晉東南樂戶為例,專就樂戶在中國傳統社會中的地位與角色 問題陳述一些我們調查所得,再做一些理論與方法論上的探討。本文除就樂戶之社會地位、 社會待遇,各種社會角色提出前所未見,第一手資料外,並在理論上提出兩點創見: 1. 從樂戶研究發現決定中國社會中地位高低的基本結構( structure )並非如 Louis Dumont 在其名著 Homo Hierarchicus 所講述的印度的情況,即潔與不潔的二元對立,而是 伺候人與被人伺候的二元對立。 2. 樂戶極度低下的社會地位與其多樣化的社會角色, 並不能從其存在的現實社會基至包括 向上回溯一百年的社會中的政治、經濟與社會等條件來作滿意的解釋,而必須從其長遠的歷 史演變過程中尋求答案。因此樂戶研究有力地說明了地位與角色的研究,並非如一般結構功 能學派所主張的其是非時性的( non-temporal ),而同時也必須是亙時性的( temporal )。 |
英文摘要 | In traditional Chinese society, professional musicians known as yuehu 樂戶 ("music households"), formed an endogamous and hereditary group. They were ranked at the bottom of the "mean people" 賤民 class, and prohibited from receiving formal Confucian education and taking government examinations. They were forced to live on the outskirts of towns, and were barred by relatives from entry into their ancestral halls and burial in family cemeteries. Although legal discrimination against them was ended by imperial decree in 1723, social discrimination continued until the establishment of the People's Republic. Moreover, while they had a wide geographical distribution in the past, their distribution in recent times has been centered in southeastern Shanxi. With a generous grant from the Chiang Ching-kuo Foundation and logistical help from Shanxi University, the author conducted extensive field research in the above region over a two-year period (July 1994 July 1996). The present paper, based on the mostly first-hand data collected during this research, discusses the status and role of yuehu in traditional Chinese society. Furthermore, the following two discoveries are presented: 1) The structure that predetermines the traditional Chinese social hierarchy is not the binary opposition between pure and impure as Louis Dumont suggests for the Indian caste system, but rather between those who receive services and those who render services. 2) Contemporary social factors alone cannot explain why musicians in traditional Chinese society suffered relegation to the lowest social status and performed a variety of mutually unrelated roles. Rather, one must dig deep into history to find the trus reasons. Therefore, research on status and role must not only be conducted in a non-temporal manner, as advocated by the structural-functionalists, but also in temporal manner simultaneously. |
本系統中英文摘要資訊取自各篇刊載內容。