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題 名 | 「常規道德」與「非常道德」之教學 |
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作 者 | 蘇永明; | 書刊名 | 初等教育學報 |
卷 期 | 6 1998.07[民87.07] |
頁 次 | 頁173-188 |
分類號 | 199.92 |
關鍵詞 | 康德; 革命; 常規道德; 非常道德; 兩難困境; Kant; Revolution; Normal virtues; Abnormal virtues; Moral dilemma; |
語 文 | 中文(Chinese) |
中文摘要 | 本文探討「常規道德」與「非常道德」的正當性及適用時機。以「革命」做為「常規道德」之代表,在非常情況應有其正當性。但是,如何判定情況已非採用「革命」不可,這是非常有爭議的問題。所以,康德對「革命」的態度顯示出同意及不同意的矛盾。雖然,康德的態度偏向不同意,但是這可能與他所處的政治環境有關,以致不敢宣揚體制外的改革措施。但是,他的道德律也過於嚴厲,以致於不能有特殊的例外。 在郭耳堡的道德教育中所仗用的兩難故事,係以韓茲是否要「偷藥」來救助他患癌症的太太為例,以此來判定受試者的道德發展階段。但以「常規道德」與「非常道德」來衡量時,「偷藥」顯然是屬於「非常道德」。而郭耳堡所列的六個階段中,未必有「常規道德」的性質。反而是他所不承認的第七階段才必然是屬於「非常道德」。因此,郭耳堡的理論在效度上是很有問題的。 在教育情境中,學校仍應將這兩種道德教給學生,使他們知所以變通。可是,在正式的「道德與健康」的教科書中卻少有「非常道德」的概念。但在訓導、輔導的措施中就教導了學生在非常情況的應變方法,這已是「非常道德」的概念。可是在媒體的內容來攪,卻為了收視率與戲劇的張力,而有太多的「非常道德」之情節。學校而必要教導學生對此兩種道德有正確的認知,並能權宜應變。 |
英文摘要 | This article is to clarify the division of normal virtues and abnormal virtues. Abnormal virtue is represented by "revolution" which has its legitimacy when it is to practiced in abnormal situations. But abnormal virtue iscontroversial as its legitimacy is justified only when the condition is emergent. Kant's attitude towards revolution is ambivalent as the political situation is not free enough for me to express anything dangerous to the existing monarchy. But he also sticks to moral law which leaves no space for special cases. Lawrence Kohlberg uses the story of Heinz's dilemma to measure the stage of cognitive moral development. Kohlberg's stages are mostly normal virtues. The concept of abnormal virtue is exemplified in the seventh stage which can not be put into Kohlberg's classification. From this point of view, the validity of Kohlberg's theory is doubtful. In educational situations, normal virtues are stressed in textbooks. But the concept of abnormal virtues are not mentioned. However, in disciplinary measures and counseling, abnormal virtues are taught to face emergent conditions. Outside schools, the contents media expressed are mostly abnormal virtue because they are more exiting to attract more audience. But it is also misleading for media to "promote" abnormal virtues. The condition is dangerous as people will not conform to normal virtues as they are mesmerized to believe abnormal virtues are more heroic. According to Baudrillard, the message from media can be taken as true when they are confused about what is reality. Therefore, the aim of moral education should teach children to have the autonomy to judge the situation when to practice normal virtues and when to practice abnormal virtues. |
本系統中英文摘要資訊取自各篇刊載內容。