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題 名 | 從政策研究的觀點看美國教育改革=Educational Reforms in the U.S.A.:A Policy Study Perspective |
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作 者 | 江芳盛; | 書刊名 | 暨大學報 |
卷 期 | 2:1 1998.03[民87.03] |
頁 次 | 頁253-271+333-334 |
分類號 | 526.1952 |
關鍵詞 | 美國教育; 教育政策; 政策研究; 教育改革; American education; Educational policy; Policy study; Educational reform; |
語 文 | 中文(Chinese) |
中文摘要 | 本文旨在討論美國近年來的教育政策與改革。首先探討自從一九八0年以來,美 國雷根、布希、柯林頓三位總統與聯邦教育部在教育政策主張上的演變,並從政策研究的觀 點加以剖析。本文的分析指出,就教育行政當局的觀點來看,美國國家經濟競爭力的衰退是 因為學校教育失敗、學生素質下降。因此,追求教育的卓越是首要之務,其改革重點在提昇 高中生的畢業要求標準、加強對學生的評量、增加授課時數和家庭作業、提高教師素質等品 質控制的手段,以及透過市場競爭來淘汰經營不善與績效欠佳的學校,進而達到提昇教育總 體品質的目的。 其次討論美國部份教育學者根據對實驗研究資料的剖析,從完全不同的觀點指出美國今日教 育問題的癥結所在,並建議採行與聯邦政府不同的教改策略。這些學者認為,上述聯邦政府 主張的教改是省錢與便宜行事的方法,並不能真正解決問題。考試競爭、增加必修科目、提 高畢業標準等固然可以提昇學生的教育水平,但同時也會逼使更多的學生中途輟學。這樣的 素質提昇方式是嚴重違反教育機會均等原則的作法。如何改善教育資源分配的不均、保障教 育機會均等,才是美國教改的首要之務。 本文在最後提出簡短的結語,敘述這兩種觀點的論爭在公共政策研究上所代表的意義,及其 對我國教育政策研究的啟示。 |
英文摘要 | This paper discusses recent educational reforms and policies in the United States of America. First, it reviews American educational policies under the Reagan, Bush, and Clinton administrations, respectively, and analyzes their policies from a policy study perspective. It points out that, according to administrative and educational authorities, the country's decline of competitiveness in the global economy has been due to the failure of the educational system. Thus, to bring student quality up to international standards, striving for excellence in education is the highest priority. The foci of reform include higher graduation standards, frequent testing, more time in school, more homework for students, and better teacher quality. In addition, market-oriented reform strategies are proposed to eliminate ineffective schools and consequentiallly to upgrade the overall quality of schools. Second, this paper introduces other educational scholars'reanalyses of the data. These scholars are not convinced that today's American students have performed any worse than befor and argue that the previous charges on American schools were not grounded on true facts. Hence, they claim that the educational reform strategies proposed by the federal government have missed the target and been designed for the sake of moneysaving and expedience. Instead, how to ameliorate the unequal distribution of educational resources and consequently equalize the educational opportunity for disadvantaged students should have a higher priority. Finally, this paper presents a summary: a brief discussion about the significance of such a debate for public policy studies, and its implications for the educational policy studies of our own country. |
本系統中英文摘要資訊取自各篇刊載內容。