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題名 | 肌肉在多關節運動中的功能與下肢運動的動力學=Function of Muscles during Multi-Joint Movement and Lower Limb Dynamics |
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作者 | 劉宇; | 書刊名 | 體育研究 |
卷期 | 3 1997.04[民86.04] |
頁次 | 頁197-218 |
分類號 | 528.9013 |
關鍵詞 | 單關節與雙關節肌肉; 生物力學模型; 雙關節肌肉的似非而是現象; Mono-and bi-articular muscle; Biomechanical model; Lombard's paradox; |
語文 | 中文(Chinese) |
中文摘要 | 肌肉在運動中的功能,通常只是根據它的解剖學位置加以解釋。最新的研究表明 , 僅僅以解剖學來解釋肌肉的功能是不夠的, 因為對於多關節運動( multi-joint movement )而言, 一塊肌肉可以對它不跨過的關節產生作用; 而一塊雙關節肌肉( biarticular muscle )可以在一個它跨過的關節處產生與其力矩方向相反的作用( Zajac & Gordon, 1989;Zajac,1993 )。例如:單關節肌--比目魚肌( soleus ) 雖只跨過踝關 節並在該處產生力矩,但它對膝關節和髖關節同樣產生作用(產生加速度),在有些特定的 條件下, 它對膝關節的作用可以比對踝關節的作用還大; 雙關節肌 -- 腿後肌腱群( hamstrings ),跨過膝關節和髖關節後方,解剖學中稱其為膝關節屈肌和髖關節伸肌, 但 是,在實際運動中,雙關節肌肉的功能經常會出現與解剖學解釋相矛盾的現象,即屈肌產生 伸關節的作用,而伸肌產生屈關節的作用,最明顯的例子是腿後肌腱群在自由車、垂直跳、 短跑等運動中具有伸膝的作用( Ingen Schenau, 1989 ), 這就是雙關節肌所謂的 " Paradox (似非而是) " 現象。 通過下肢多關節運動的動力學方程與肌肉骨骼系統模型,可以建立肌肉關節力矩與其產生之 角加速度之間的關係。由肌肉收縮僅可以產生拉力的原則可知肌肉力矩的方向為何,故根據 下肢的動力學方程與肌肉骨骼系統模型可以確定由於具體肌肉的作用而產生的關節角加速度 方向。如果角加速度為正,這一肌肉的功能即為伸關節,相反即為屈關節。動力學方程中與 角加速度有關的質量矩陣( mass matrix )隨身體姿勢的改變而變化, 因此肌肉的功能也 會隨動作的改變而改變( motor task dependent )。這一點對於研究肌肉的功能,特別是 雙關節肌肉的功能有著重要的意義。對於單關節肌肉而言,其屈伸功能雖不會因動作改變而 改變,但是通過動力學力程和肌肉骨骼系統模型可以對其作用效,既最佳發力角的問題進行 探討。 |
英文摘要 | The direction of the torque exerted by a muscle, determined by the muscle's anatomical location, is often used to infer the muscle's function on movement of body. A muscle that develops a flexor torque is assumed to flex the spanned joint. For multi-joint movement, however, extreme caution should be made when anatomy alone is used to infer the function of muscle, because a muscle can act to accelerate joints it dose not span and a biarticular muscle can act to accelerate the joint it spans opposite to the joint torque it produces (Zajac & Gordon, 1989; Zajac, 1993). Under particular condition, its action on other joints can be greater than the action on the joint it spans. A biarticular muscle can even have paradoxical muscle behavior. Hamstring spans knee and hip, it is classified in anatomy as knee flexor and hip extensor. It may act to accelerate knee into extension during cycling, vertical jump and sprinting (Ingen Schenau, 1989). According to the dynamic equation of motion and the musculoskeletal model, the relationship between the muscle joint torque and the angular acceleration it occurs can be developed. Since a muscle can only produce pulling force through its contraction and the direction of the torque is consequently known, so that the direction of the angular acceleration can be determined by using dynamic equation of motion and musculoskeletal model without knowing the value of muscle forces. If the acceleration is positive, the function of muscle is to act the joint into extension, otherwise it acts the joint flexion. Because the mass matrix in the dynamic equation of motion depends on the position of body, which changes from time to time during the movement, the function of muscle is therefor motor task dependent. This point is very important to understand the function of muscles, specially the function of biarticular muscles. The function of monoarticular muscle is independent to motor task, but the efficiency of its action, i.e., the optimal action angle can be studied through the dynamic equation of motion and the musculoskeletal model. |
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