頁籤選單縮合
題 名 | 曼恩推動麻州公立學校教育的爭議,1837-1848=Ideals and Controversies of Horace Mann's Insisting Upon Public Education of Massachusetts |
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作 者 | 彭煥勝; | 書刊名 | 初等教育學報 |
卷 期 | 5 1997.06[民86.06] |
頁 次 | 頁149-182 |
分類號 | 526.1952 |
關鍵詞 | 曼恩; 麻州公立學校教育; |
語 文 | 中文(Chinese) |
中文摘要 | 早在1642 年美國麻州(Massachusetts State) 即發展免費學校(Free School), 為公立校教育的濫觴。1837 年麻州成立州教育委員會(Board of Education),曼恩( Horace Mann, 1796-1859) 為首任秘書 (Secretary)。教育委員會在曼恩的領導下,施行幾 項重點工作:設置州立師範學校 (Normal School)、廣立地區學校圖書館、推行教育與宗教 分離的政策、仿效普魯士 (Prussia) 的優良教學制度與方法。 這些工作的實施,引起一些 團體的爭論與杯葛。本文主要探討曼在教育委員會秘書任內 (1837-1848),推行麻州公立學 校教育制度,在政治、宗教、教育等方面所遭遇的爭議。在政治方面,教育原本為地方鄉鎮 之權責,如今提至州的層級,雖教育委員會僅是資訊機構,並無實權,然亦在輝格 (Whig)、 民主 (Democratic) 兩黨間,意見相左。前者贊成教育委員會的組織與功能;後者則反對設 立教育委員會。其次,教育委員會以聖經取代其他宗派教義的書籍之政策,引起保守的喀爾 文 (Calvin) 教派的抗議,進而形成曼與此團體部分人士的激辯。最後,曼恩的 << 第七次 年度報告 >>(Seventh annual Report ),簡介歐洲各國學制, 贊普魯士師資優異、教學方 法良好,以比較的觀點批評麻州學校,其中因教育觀點的不同,引發波士頓部分教師的責難 ,掀起教育圈的筆戰。經過政治、宗教、教育團體的異議,曼恩的教育政策或有波折,但終 究有驚無險,嬴得多數的支持。麻州的公立學校教育制度在曼恩等人的努力下,奠定美國公 立學校教育的穩固基石。 |
英文摘要 | Massachusetts started setting up "free school" early in 1642, which was the beginning of public education. In 1837, Massachusetts established the state board of education, and Horace Mann was the first secretary of it. Under his leadership, the board began some important work, such as founding the first state normal school and the libraries in district schools, implementing the policy of separating education from religion, and imitating the excellent teaching systems and methods of Prussia. However, the work caused controversies and boycotts from some groups. The purpose of this essay is to discuss the controversies from political, religious, and educational groups when Mann implemented the public education system. Firstly, as a consultative institution of state level, the state board of education had no real influence on educational affairs. Besides, there was disagreement between Whig and Democratic Party. The former supported setting up the board, but the latter didn't. Secondly, the board advocatedusing the Bible to take place of all other religious books, which resulted in Mann's dispute with the Calvinists. Lastly, Mann had high opinion of teacher training and teaching methods of Prussia when he introduced European schooling systems in his Seventh Annual Report. This made him criticize the schools in Massachusetts. Some teachers in Boston also criticize his opinion because of it. Though facing a lot of difficulties, Mann still won the support from most people. The public educational system of Massachusetts finally became the basis of American public education. |
本系統中英文摘要資訊取自各篇刊載內容。