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題名 | 東灰山墓地研究--兼論四壩文化及其在中西文化交流中的位置=A Study on Donghuishan Cemetery--Including a Discussion on the Siba Culture and Its Position in Sino-Western Cultural Exchange |
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作者 | 張忠培; Zhang, Zhongpei; |
期刊 | 中國文化研究所學報 |
出版日期 | 19970000 |
卷期 | 6 1997[民86.] |
頁次 | 頁287-323 |
分類號 | 797.82 |
語文 | chi |
關鍵詞 | 東灰山墓地; 四壩文化; 中西文化交流; |
英文摘要 | Donghuishan Cemetery, one of the Siba cultural sites, is located in Minle county in the middle of the Hexi corridor. The culture of the Cemetery, contemporaneous with the early Siba culture and the Xia dynasty (the early phrase of 2000 B.C.), can be divided into three periods. Its owners mainly lived on agricultural economy, combining nevertheless with feeding livestocks (first pigs, then sheep). Hunting and gathering were also their important sources of livelihood along with pottery-making, bone-making, wood handicrafts, weaving and copper-making. During the first two periods of the Cemetery, there were only arsenical copper articles, but by the third period, bronze articles came into being. In the Ganguya Cemetery which was later than the Donghuishan Cemetery, more than sixty-five percent of the copper samples was tested bronze articles. Leaving aside the Huoshaogou Cemetery in Yumen, west of the Siba cultural area, there had been a natural historical process from arsenical copper making bronze making in the central part of the Siba cultural area. The bronze industry of the Siba culture could have been separated from agriculture and become a relatively independent handicraft manfactury. According to the research on the funeral custom, we can assume that the nuclear Lineage unit of the tomb owners was a monogamous family which still belonged to a family commune and many family communes formed a clan. At that time the tomb owners had already been involved in a fierce polarization in wealth, some of whom had become professional coppersmiths or wizards. The tomb owners of the Huoshaogou Cemetery, which also belonged to the Siba culture contemporaneous with the Donghui shan Cemetery, enjoyed more abundant funeral Articles variety, quality and quantity. Human victims or sacrificed men were also found in the Cemetery. All the phenomena indicate that the tomb owners of Huoshaogou not only differed from the ones of the Donghuishan in type and quantity in wealth, but were also divided in different social stratum,--wizards and nobles in possession of military power also came in being. It is no doubt that they had entered a civilization age. The difference between Huoshaogou and Donghuishan is a natural product of settlement differentiation and urbanization of some settlement, and it is also a requirement of the Siba culture in its evolution as civilization. The Siba culture, originating from the Machang culture and scattering along the Hexi corridor, to some extent had cultural relationships with the contemporary cultures in its surroundings. Hordeum vulgare/triticum aestivurn, shellfish, mud brick and some types of copperware unearthed in the Huoshao gou Cemetery show that the Siba culture had cultural relationships with the cultures in Xinjiang and Siberia. In the Siba culture, the copper-making technique in Huoshao gou is a unique phenomenon, maybe it is due to its location in the western gateway of the Siba culture, and its exchange/confrontation with the cultures in Xinjiang and Siberia. The Sino-west cultural exchange via Xinjiang perhaps originated from the Siba culture in the Xia dynasty, no earlier than the Machang culture. It came to its prosperous stage in the Han dynasty, through the developments in Shang, Western Zhou and Eastern Zhou. |
本系統之摘要資訊系依該期刊論文摘要之資訊為主。