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題名 | 臺灣地區近四十年來教育資源之分配情況= |
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作者 | 馬信行; |
期刊 | 國立政治大學學報 |
出版日期 | 19931000 |
卷期 | 67(上) 民82.10 |
頁次 | 頁19-56 |
分類號 | 520.9208 |
語文 | chi |
關鍵詞 | 分配; 教育資源; 臺灣地區; |
中文摘要 | 本研究用官方教育統計,及賦祝統計為素材,分析我國四十年來教有資 源的分配情形。理論上在檢定我國教有資源分配是否依水平均等原則,垂直均等 原則,或教有機會均等原則。使用方法是以基尼係數作為均等度的指標,以 LOUTUS-123來計算基尼係數。研究結果,重要的發現有:(a)我國教有資源分配最 不均等的,則是高等教有學校教。四十年來雖有改善,但基尼係數仍然偏高,而 中等教育及以下的校數則有符合垂直均等的現象,(b)在適當指標的尋找方面,教 有經費的指標,每校教有經費的指標似乎比每生教有經費的指標為佳。因我國愈 都市化的縣市,其母校學生數愈多,故每校教育經費也愈多,(C)我國教有經費 的分配原則有80一90死是位學生數為主要考量,故以每生教有經費為指標時,頗 出我國在分配教有經費時,是追求水平均等原則,(d)在地方財力指標方面,每生 所得稅比每土總稅收及每生教有捐更能顯現各縣市的貧富實況,(e)財力指標封每 校教有經費的影響(標準化迴歸係數)比對每生教育經費的影響為大,(f)以每生所 得稅、每校教育經費、及各縣市人口加權後的高等教育學校數為變項,投入群集 分析,分出高資源區與低資源區。屬於低教育資源區的有14縣,此為我國採垂直 均等原則時優先考慮大力補助發展的縣,(g)各縣市平均每校教育經費的排名上, 四十年來雖有變動,但高雄市、台北市、基隆市、及台南市皆一直排在前面,而 花蓮縣一直排在後面,(h)四十年來每校教育經費與每生教育經費的基尼係數相當 穩定。每校教育經費的基尼係數大約在0.22左右,而每生教育經費的約在011左右 起伏。本研究建議,我國可順應世界先進國家的潮流,在經費補助上,採垂直均 等原則,以促進城鄉均衡發展,待教有資源均富後,才回頭採水平均等原則。補 助時也要顧到效率,故以專案補助方式代替整批補助方式較佳。如能採配合款方 式,鼓勵地方多收教育捐以增加教育支出,則更佳。 |
英文摘要 | This study used official educational, population, and tax statistics as raw data to analyse the distrubution of educational resources in recent forty years. Theoretically it is to test whether the distribution of educational resources in Taiwan followed or is following the principle of vertical equity, of horizontal equity, or of equal educational opportunity. The index of equity used in this study is gini coefficients, which are calculated through the Lotus-123. The important findings are: (a) the mostunequally distrubuted resource is the institutions of higher education, theyare densely located in the urbanized areas. Although the biaseddistribution has been improved during the forty years, the gini coefficentsare nevertheless too high. Fortunately, the distributions of schools otherthan the higher educational level are in accordance with the principle ofvertical equity, i.e. more schools (weighted through the population) arelocated in the rural areas, (b) in searching the suitable index for the schoolfinance, it is found that the the averaged expenditure per school is betterthan that of per pupil. The more urbanized a prefecture is, the largerits schools are, and therefore more expenditure its schools have, (c) the most important factor in the formular of distribution of educationalexpenditure is the number of pupils. It explains 80-90 of total varianceof the educational expenditure in the regressional analysis. It shows thatthe governments distributed money in accordance with the number ofpupils of each school, i.e. they pursue the principle of horizontal equity,(d) in respect of suitable wealth index in each prefecture, it demonstratesthat the average income tax per pupil is more suitable than the averagedtatal tax per pupil and averaged educational tax per pupil, (e) theinfluence of wealth index on the averaged educational expenditure perschool is more than on that per pupil, because the former has greaterstandardized regression coefficients, (f) with averaged income tax perpupil, average educational expenditure per school, and weighted numberof instititions of higher education as the variables, using cluster analysis,counties und cities in Taiwan are classified into two categories: 9 higheducational resource areas and 14 low ones, according to the principleof vertical equity, the low resource areas have the priority to be granted,(g) the rank orders of the averaged educational expenditure per schoolof each prefecture are somewhat stable throughout the 40 years;kaushiung city, Taipei city, keelung city and Tainan city have always beenwell financed and hualien couty has always been near the bottom, (h)the gini coefficients of educational expenditure per school and per pupilthroughout the 40 years in Taiwan are to some extent stable, theyfluctuate around 0.22 by the former and 0.11 by the latter. This study suggests that in order to promote the evenly developmentof education in urban und rural areas, the governments can subsidize moreto the disadvantaged areas. So far as the efficiency of school financingis concerned, the categorical grant is preferable to the block grant. |
本系統之摘要資訊系依該期刊論文摘要之資訊為主。