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題名 | 葡萄病蟲害綜合防治 |
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作者姓名(中文) | 呂理燊; 郭克忠; 章如寶; 高清文; | 書刊名 | 中華民國雜草學會會刊 |
卷期 | 12:2 1991.08[民80.08] |
頁次 | 頁155-175 |
分類號 | 435.38 |
關鍵詞 | 葡萄; 病蟲害防治; |
語文 | 中文(Chinese) |
中文摘要 | 臺灣葡萄栽培面積約5000公頃,主要集中彰化及臺中縣,苗栗及南投縣次之。品 種供鮮食者為巨峰及意大利,釀酒者為金香及黑后。採收期間,則有夏、秋、冬三期,稱夏 果、秋果及冬果或為第一、二及三期作,一般多行夏果及冬果二期栽培。臺灣因高溫多濕, 加以水平棚架栽培,園內通風較差,病蟲害種類繁多,尤以真菌病害最為猖獗,常嚴重威脅 葡萄產業。常見病害有黑痘病、露菌病、白粉病、�蚽f、苦腐病、晚腐病、白腐病、灰黴病 、房枯病、灰斑病、葉斑病、枝枯病及白紋羽病等13種。其中尤以露菌病及苦腐病危害最 嚴重。蟲害紀錄多達25種,其他有害動物達13種,但最常見者有咖啡木蟲蛾、下紅天蛾 、小白紋毒蛾、赤腳青銅金龜及其它金龜子、臺灣黃毒蛾、棕櫛盾介殼蟲、柑桔粉介殼蟲、 天牛類、葉�蟳�、扁蝸牛及鳥類等。病蟲害管理系統配合葡萄生育期分休眠期、萌芽期、硬 核期、轉色期及成熟期而定,休眠期以剪枝清園為主,剪定時應同時徹底剪除罹病蟲害枝條 ,並燒毀所有剪下枝條。催芽時可用氰滿素溶液噴灑取代二氯乙醇鋸枝方式。萌芽後至硬核 期以露菌病最具威脅,可用治療及保護劑輪流交替使用,共約3∼4次即可有效防治。葡萄 病害防治上用藥則以醯基苯胺系、麥角醇抑制劑、有機硫黃劑及有機氯劑為主。硬核後至轉 色期在鮮食葡萄最重要作業為套袋,套袋時間以謝花三週內為最佳,套袋用紙質以防水及藥 劑處理之透氣袋為佳,待所噴之殺菌劑及殺蟲劑混合藥液乾後即行套袋,可以保護果房免受 病、蟲、鳥類及扁蝸牛等危害而引起之果腐。套袋未推薦於釀酒葡萄,因此噴藥次數需略增 。轉色後藥劑之使用以避免農藥殘留量為最重要,所用藥劑及其安全採收期皆在推廣手冊上 加以列明,並為殘毒管制人員追蹤管制。蟲害防治所推薦之藥劑可防治所列害蟲,扁蝸牛可 在離地約 1.5 公尺樹幹上套保特瓶阻殺。 根據田間衛生法之執行,早期噴藥重於後期噴藥 ,以達到露菌病、苦腐病之防治,套袋,枝枯病之處理,講習會及農戶之配合及協助等為基 礎而推出,政府及農民皆可接受病蟲害綜合防治曆。綜合前述結果,噴殺菌劑次數由原來之 25 ∼ 35 次減少為 8 ∼ 16 次,且用藥混合情況也已見改善,殺菌劑費用及噴藥工資合計 可節省 48 %。 |
英文摘要 | Approximately 5,000 ha of grape, including table and wine, are cultivated mainly in central part of Taiwan. For table one, Kyoho and Italia and for wine, Golden Muscat and Black Queen are cultivated. Harvest concentrates mostly in summer and some in winter from the same field, with some in autumm. High temperature and precipitation with under altitude practice, there are serious diseases and pests problem. Fungal diseases are the most destructive, 13 of them, anthracnose, downy mildew, powdery mildew, rust, bitter rot, ripe rot, white rot, gray mold, black rot, Cristulariella leaf spot, Alternaria leaf spot, Phomopsis dieback and white root rot. Among them, downy mildew and bitter rot are the most destructive. There are 25 insects and 13 other pests. Among them, red coffee stem-borer, hawk moth, small tussock moth, scarabs, tussock moth, latania scale insect, citrus mealy bug, long horn beetles, spider mites, flat snail and birds are worth of control. Management on integrated control depends on grape growing stage such as dormant, bud swell, pea-sized, veraison and maturation. In dormant stage, cut down all unwanted and disinfested twigs and clean up the yards, all the twigs cut down had to be burned. Sprouting initiation be practiced with spraying cyanamide solution rather than wounding cane by 2 chloroethanol. After sprouting to pea-sized stage, downy mildew, the most destructive disease, should be sprayed 3 ∼ 4 times by rotating systemic and protective fungicides with the first one to two sprays before the symptoms appearance. Main fungicides used in grape disease control is carbamates, ergosterol inhibitors, and organic sulfur and chlorides. Bagging with water proof, pesticide coated paper bag is the most important practice in table grape at three weeks after flower shedding. Bagging is practiced soon after mixture of fungicide and insecticide solution dries up after spray. The paper bag protects damage due to diseases, insect, bird and snail. Bagging is not recommended for varieties for wine. After veraison, sefety use of pesticides is emphasized with special reference on safety period of the pesticides involved. Residue level is investigated by toxicologists before harvest. For insects control, the recommended insecticides are suited. The barrier make of plastic bottle hanging at 1.50 m on the vine trunk or plastic sheet on cement pole is a good process to control flat snail. Following items, i. e., field hygiene, emphasize spraying fungicdies in earlier growing stage rether than in the latter growing stage, to control downy mildew and bitter rot disease, paper bag, control of Phomopsis dieback, training course and help from the growers make us possible to develop the integrated control guide which is acceptable both by the government and the growers. Practice after this guide resulted in 8 ∼ 16 times spray per crop in compare with 25 ∼ 35 times before. Cost of pesticides and their application reduced 48 per cent. |
本系統之摘要資訊系依該期刊論文摘要之資訊為主。