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題名 | 香蕉水分生理特性之研究 |
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作者 | 陳清義; | 書刊名 | 中華農學會報 |
卷期 | 76 1971.12[民60.12] |
頁次 | 頁24-38 |
關鍵詞 | 水分; 生理特性; 香蕉; |
語文 | 中文(Chinese) |
中文摘要 | 為探討香蕉之水分生理特性,以促使香蕉之灌溉科學化,筆者曾利用自製吸水自記計、蒸散自記計、氣孔開度自記計及定pF式自動灌水裝置,進行綜合性探討,茲摘要所得結果於下。 (一)香蕉之氣孔與一般作物同樣為橢圓型,其大小為0.0312 mm ×0.0390 mm,但其數目極少,如下表皮為44個/1mm2,上表皮為146個/1mm2,平均為95個/1mm2。此可能與其能生長於山坡地的性質有關。 (二)香蕉之氣孔為日間開孔型,在早晨黎明後,氣孔開度開始增加,並於上午10時許達到最高?,下午6時後完全閉合,並無Night opening 或Pre-dawn opening現象。 (三)又其在晝間之開度易受天氣之影響,在陰天時,其開度僅為晴天之?以下,與天則開度甚小。 (四)氣孔之開度與土壤含水量之多寡有密切關係,經調查,生長於土壤含水量50~65%(對最大含水量%),最活躍,而生長於20%區者,其氣孔之開閉情形趨於不規則,此時最大開度僅為50~65%區之40%以下。 (五)經斷水處理後,土壤水分自最高的50%(對最大容水量%)開始減少時,隨著土壤水分之減少,氣孔開度增加,而於土壤含水量減至40%達到最高?,此後?開始激減,並於M. E. 附近達到減半點,而在M. E.--W. C. 的中央附近失去開孔機能。 (六)香蕉之蒸散作用在陰天僅為晴天的?,雨天僅為晴天1/3以下,受天氣之影響情形幾與氣孔之場合相同。 (七)在斷水處理下,蒸散作用之減半點,發生在M. E.之稍微上方,較氣孔開度減半點之土壤含水量略多,而在水分當量與凋萎係數之中央附近,接近幾停止狀態。 (八)香蕉全生長期之吸水情形在春天栽植後,其最大吸水期出現於11月,較葉面積最大期約遲2個月,此時正值果實肥大期。 (九)香蕉全生長期之吸水能(以單位葉面積之吸水量示之),隨著生長而激減,在栽植約2個月後,吸水能幾已減至最低點,此趨勢與吸水量隨著生長而激增,並於栽植後約6個月,吸水量達到最高?的情形相反。此可能由於香蕉葉片上之氣孔隨著生長,其開度減少所致,如此可在葉面積增大情形下,抑制水分之多量消失。 (十)以抽穗期之香蕉計算不同天氣下之吸水量為晴天8863.9(100%),陰天7313.8(82.5%),雨天4707.8(53.1%),此種在不良天氣下之吸水量減少率遠低於甘蔗之場合。 (十一)香蕉之需水量隨著土讓水分之減少而減少。對果實之需水量亦有同樣的趨勢,惟土壤含水量最少的20%區,其對果實之需水量反而激增,表示有需水量最小的土壤水分域,而據需水量之變化情形及產量觀之,香蕉之需水量可視為350~400。 (十二)經不同土壤含水量之栽植試驗,香蕉之適宜土壤含水量,約在最大容水量之50~60%,土壤含水量越過此範圍時,生長及果實之發育均不良,尤其在浸水一晝夜以上時,植株將受嚴重的為害,終因此而枯死,表示土壤水分不宜過濕,故在香蕉栽培技術上,應注意排水。 |
英文摘要 | In order to investigate the characteristics of water relation in banana crop and make a scientific irrigation on banana garden, the auther uses of several self-designed apparatus such as water absorption autorecorder, transpiration autorecorder, stomatal aperture autorecorder and the constent pF type autoirrigation apparatus to proceed a wide investigation. The result obtained are as follows: (1) The stomata located on banana leaf, like that of other crops in general, are ellipse in shape. Its size is about 0.0312mm ×0.0390 mm, but there is less in number per unit leaf area, e.g. 44/mm2 on upper epidermis and 146/mm2 on lower one. The average number per square millimeter is 95. (2) The stomatal behaviour of banana crop pertains to day-opening type. In the morning the stomatal aperture starts to increase gradually at dawn, and tends to reach a peak at 10 A.M. The stomata come to be completely close after 6 P.M. There is no night opening or pre-dawn opening phenomenon observed. (3) The stomatal aperture is apt to be affected by climate conditions at day time. On cloudy day the stomatal aperture is only a half of that on sunny day. The stomata aperture becomes quite small on rainy day. (4) There is a close relation of stomatal aperture to the soil moisture content. The stomatal behaviour is most active as the banana plants grew in the area of 50-60% soil moisture content(% of the maximum water-holding capacity) and the stomatal movement tends to be a irregular condition as the plants grew in the area of 20% soil moisture content. At this time, the maximal aperture is less than 40% of that in the 50-60% soil moisture content area. (5) After a water-shorten treatment, the stomatal aperture increased when the soil moisture started to reduce from 50% (of the maximum water-holding capacity) and the peak of the stomatal aperture appeared before the soil moisture was reduced from 50% to 40%. And then, the degree of opening become one half of the original, when the soil moisture was further reduced from 40% to the moisture equivalent. The stomata lost all their opening activity when the central part of soil moisture range from M.E to W.C. (6) On cloudy day the transpiration rate of banana plants is a half of that on sunny day. The transpiration on rainy day is less than 1/3 of that on bright day. Obviously the transpiration of banana crop is affected by climate conditions as in the case of stomatal aperture. (7) Under the condition of water-shorten the half-reduction point of transpiration takes place at a soil moisture content which is sligntly higher than the moisture equivalent. It means that the soil moisture content at the half-reduction point of transpiration is slightly, greater than that of half-reduction point of stomata. (8) After the young banana plants cultivated in spring. The water absorption condition during the whole growth period showed that the maximal absorption stage appeared in September, but the maximal leaf area stage appeared is about two months November before the fruit growth in diameter. (9) The water absorption capacity (represented by the amount of water absorption per unit leaf area) is sharply decreased as the plants grow up. About two months later since the first cultivation of young plant, the water absorption capacity is almost to decrease to the minimal point. This tendency is opposed to the conditions that the amount of water absorption increases with plant growth and reached a peak about six months later after cultivation. It is probably due to the stomatal aperture reduced with the plant growth, thus a great deal of water loss can be inhibited under the condition of leaf area increase. (10) By cultivating experiments with different soil moisture content, it showed that the suitable soil moisture content for banana crop is about 50-60% maximum water-holding capacity. If the water moisture content is beyond this range, both the growth of plant and the development of fruits are no good. Especially if the plant is under the water for more than 24 hours, it will cause great damage to the plants and dry up at last. It showed that the drainage must be noted on the cultivation technique of banana crop. |
本系統之摘要資訊系依該期刊論文摘要之資訊為主。