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| 題 名 | 「PERMA-V教師幸福感量表」之建構與驗證:以PERMA-V模式為基礎之心理計量與潛在剖面分析=Development and Validation of a Teacher Well-Being Scale: A Psychometric and Latent Profile Analysis Based on the PERMA-V Model |
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| 作 者 | 蕭兆祺; 韓佩凌; | 書刊名 | 測驗學刊 |
| 卷 期 | 73:1 2026.03[民115.03] |
| 頁 次 | 頁105-135 |
| 分類號 | 179 |
| 關鍵詞 | PEMAR-V模式; 幸福感; 教師; 潛在剖面分析; 驗證性因素分析; Confirmatory factor analysis; Latent profile analysis; PERMA-V model; Teachers; Well-being; |
| 語 文 | 中文(Chinese) |
| DOI | 10.7108/PT.202603_73(1).0004 |
| 中文摘要 | PERMA-V模型係建構於Seligman(2011)所提出的PERMA理論,進一步納入「活力」(Vitality)構面,以強調身心整合與復原力之核心價值。然而,華語學界迄今仍缺乏針對教師群體編製、具文化適切性與實務應用效能之PERMA-V在地化量表,致限制其於教育現場進行幸福感評估與分級應用之可行性。基於此,本研究旨在建構一套適用於華人教育場域之「PERMA-V教師幸福感量表」,並檢驗其心理計量特性與潛在類型區辨效能。本研究之量表係根據Rashid與Seligman(2018)編製之「正向心理治療量表」(PPTI)修編而成,涵蓋正向情緒、投入、人際關係、意義、成就、活力六大構面。實徵資料來自742位臺灣國中小現職教師,採多階段統計程序進行驗證。驗證性因素分析顯示,六構面模式適配良好(X^2(260)=592.208,p<.001;CFI=.941;TLI=.932;RMSEA=.059;SRMR=.036),各構面標準化負荷量介於.63~.76之間,組合信度(CR)介於.72~.86之間,顯示量表內部一致性穩定。在效標關聯效度部分,活力構面與「主觀活力量表」(SVS)呈高度顯著相關(r=.69),總量表與「正向比值量表」(PRS)具中度顯著相關(r=.355),支持其理論一致性與效標關聯效度。本研究以潛在剖面分析(LPA)進一步辨識三類幸福感樣貌:繁盛群(22.37%)、中等適應群(48.79%)、停滯群(28.84%),以對應Keyes(2002)的心理健康連續體理論。依據三群得分分布推估,建議總分切截點為82分與107分,作為風險篩檢與輔導分級之參據。本研究所建構之量表具備良好的信效度與應用潛能,期能作為教師幸福感促進、心理預警與跨文化研究之實證基礎工具。 |
| 英文摘要 | Introduction: In recent decades, the field of psychology has undergone a paradigm shift, moving from a focus on pathology and symptom reduction to the promotion of positive psychological functioning and flourishing. Central to this movement is Seligman's (2011) PERMA model, which conceptualizes well-being as a multidimensional construct comprising five pillars: positive emotion, engagement, relationships, meaning, and accomplishment. This model has provided a robust foundation for assessing well-being across different domains, including education, counseling, and organizational psychology, and has been increasingly applied in these and other fields. However, scholars have increasingly argued that the original framework may not fully capture the physiological and somatic aspects of well-being, which are critical components of holistic health. To address this limitation, Zhivotovskaya (2016) proposed the PERMA-V model, adding "Vitality" as a sixth dimension to highlight the importance of physical health, energy, and sleep in maintaining psychological resilience. This extension is particularly relevant for the teaching profession. Teachers often work in high-stress environments that require considerable emotional labor and physical energy. According to the literature, teacher well-being is not merely the absence of stress or burnout but also the presence of positive attributes. Despite the influence of positive attributes on teacher well-being, most instruments designed to measure teacher well-being do not incorporate assessments of such attributes. Some instruments focus predominantly on negative indicators such as stress, and other instruments fail to incorporate a "vitality" dimension or lack comprehensive theoretical alignment with the full PERMA-V framework. The present study addressed this gap by developing and validating the PERMA-V Teacher Well-Being Scale. The scale was developed as a linguistically and culturally appropriate instrument for measuring the well-being of Taiwanese teachers. The scale' s psychometric properties, including its factor structure, internal consistency, and criterion validity, were rigorously tested. Latent profile analysis (LPA) was used to identify distinct profiles of teacher well-being to enable the establishment of empirically derived cutoff scores that can be used in practical applications such as risk screening and tiered interventions in schools. Methods: Participants and Procedures: To ensure the robustness and replicability of the findings, this study employed a multistage survey design involving two independent samples of in-service teachers from elementary and junior high schools in Taiwan. Data were collected using a secure online survey platform. 1. Sample 1 (N = 369): Data were collected in September 2024. The sample comprised 55.56% female teachers, and most of them had a bachelor's degree (75.34%). The distribution for teaching experience was skewed toward junior teachers (less than 5 years) and midcareer teachers (5-9 years). 2. Sample 2 (N = 373): Data were collected in May 2025. The sample comprised 51.74% female teachers, and most of them (70%) taught in elementary schools. The demographic characteristics regarding education level and years of experience were consistent with those of Sample 1. The total sample size of 742 provided sufficient statistical power for psychometric analyses. Measures: Teacher well-being was assessed using the PERMA-V Teacher Well-Being Scale, which was adapted from the Positive Psychotherapy Inventory (PPTI) by Rashid and Seligman (2018). The adaptation process involved translating original items and modifying the phrasing to fit the specific context of the teaching profession (e.g., by adding "In my teaching work..." to certain items). The PPTI does not have a vitality subscale; therefore, we also developed five new vitality-related items by referring to Zhivotovskaya's PERMA-V model. These items assess sleep quality, regular physical exercise, and subjective energy levels. The initial scale included 30 items across 6 dimensions: Positive Emotion (P), Engagement (E), Relationships (R), Meaning (M), Accomplishment (A), and Vitality (V). All items were rated on a 5-point Likert-type scale. To establish criterion validity, two external measures were employed: 1. Subjective Vitality Scale: Developed by Ryan and Frederick (1997), this scale was used to validate the newly constructed Vitality dimension. 2. Positivity Ratio Scale: On the basis of Fredrickson's (2009) theory, this measure assesses the ratio of positive to negative emotions, and in this study, it served as a criterion for the overall construct of well-being. Data Analysis: The study followed a rigorous psychometric validation procedure. First, the Rasch model (Item Response Theory) was applied to check for respondent misfit. Second, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted to test the dimensionality of the scale. Because high collinearity (Heywood cases) was observed in the initial 30-item model, an item reduction strategy based on communality and cross-loadings was implemented. Third, reliability was examined using composite reliability (CR) and average variance extracted (AVE). Fourth, multiple-group CFA was performed to test measurement invariance (configural, metric, and scalar) across the two samples. Finally, LPA was used to classify teachers under distinct well-being profiles, with the optimal number of classes determined on the basis of fit indices (AIC, BIC, Entropy, LMR, and BLRT). Results: Model Fit and Item Reduction: The initial 30-item scale had adequate fit but severe multicollinearity (correlations >.90). Five items (items 8, 16, 18, 20, and 28) that had low communality or high cross-loadings were removed. The resulting 25-item model demonstrated excellent fit. The fit indices were: X^2 (260) = 592.208, p < .001, CFI = .941, TLI = .932, RMSEA = .059, and SRMR = .036. All standardized factor loadings were significant (p < .001) and ranged from .63 to .76. Reliability and Validity: The scale demonstrated high internal consistency. The CR for the total scale was .962. For the six subscales, the CR values ranged from .721 to .862, with all exceeding the recommended threshold of .70. Convergent validity was supported, although the AVE values for Meaning (.465), Accomplishment (.499), and Vitality (.496) were slightly below .50; nevertheless, the high CR values justify their retention. Criterion validity was established using significant Pearson correlations. The Vitality dimension of the PERMA-V scale was strongly correlated with the Vitality dimension of our scale (r = .689, p < .001). The total scale score exhibited a moderate positive correlation with the positivity ratio (r = .355, p < .001), providing external evidence of the scale's validity. Measurement Invariance: The multiple-group CFA results supported measurement invariance across the two samples. Changes in CFI were minimal: .000 for metric invariance and .001 for scalar invariance, with both well below the .01 cutoff. This confirms that the factor loadings and intercepts are invariant across groups. Latent Profile Analysis: The LPA comparison of 2- to 5-class models revealed that a 3-class solution was optimal, having the lowest BIC and SABIC values, high entropy (.84), and significant results for both the Lo-Mendell-Rubin test (p = .002) and the bootstrap likelihood ratio test (p < .001). The proportions of the classes were as follows: Flourishing, 22.37%; Moderate Mental Health, 48.79%; and Languishing, 28.84%. Conclusion: This study contributes to the field of positive psychology and education by providing a validated, culturally relevant instrument for assessing teacher well-being. The PERMA-V Teacher Well-Being Scale successfully integrates the physiological dimension of vitality into the traditional PERMA framework, offering a more holistic view of teachers' health. Practical Implications: This study's identification of the three latent profiles provides a practical framework for school administrators. The study proposes score cutoff points of 82 and 107 for the total scale. Teachers scoring less than 82 are likely in the "Languishing" category and may require immediate support or counseling interventions. Those scoring more than 107 fall into the "Flourishing" category and can be considered assets for promoting a positive school climate. This tiered classification system allows for more targeted and efficient allocation of mental health resources in schools. Limitations and Future Directions: This research has several limitations. The high intercorrelations among the six factors suggest some conceptual overlap, which is common in well-being research but warrants further investigation. Additionally, the study relied on self-reported data, which may be subject to social desirability bias. Future research should consider longitudinal designs to track changes in well-being and validate the scale across different educational stages, such as in higher education. |
本系統中英文摘要資訊取自各篇刊載內容。