頁籤選單縮合
| 題 名 | 明代泰山道教鼎盛期規模研究=A Study on the Magnitude of Mount Tai Taoism in Its Heyday in the Ming Dynasty (1368~1644) |
|---|---|
| 作 者 | 朱學斌; 張冶; | 書刊名 | 饒宗頤國學院院刊 |
| 卷 期 | 11 2024.09[民113.09] |
| 頁 次 | 頁287-342 |
| 分類號 | 238.06 |
| 關鍵詞 | 明代泰山; 明代道教; 道廟規模; 泰山金石; 道教教團; Taoism in Ming Dynasty; Mount Tai in Ming Dynasty; Size of Taoist monasteries; Bronze and stele inscriptions of Mount Tai; Taoist parishes; |
| 語 文 | 中文(Chinese) |
| 中文摘要 | 泰山道教在明初高壓宗教政策約束下備受打擊,現存的幾千方泰山石刻尚未發現明初的道士題名相關記錄,道士人數局限於百人以內。正統(1436–1449)至正德(1506–1521)年間,明廷宗教政策搖擺不定。由於成化朝(1465–1487)濫發度牒,全國道士數量明顯增加,泰山道士亦得以擴充。嘉靖十八年(1539)後鬻牒成為規制,明廷不再控制僧道人數,解決了許多寺觀的傳承問題。泰山道教到了萬曆(1573–1620)、天啟(1621–1627)兩朝發展更熾,其道士數量盛於往常。崇禎年間(1628–1644)泰山道教備受摧殘,情況直到清朝統一全國之後方有好轉。本文選取嘉靖年間(1522–1566)成書的《泰山志》和萬曆年間成書的《泰安州志》與《岱史》為切入點,揀選文獻記載相對豐富的嘉靖至萬曆時期作為明代泰山道教鼎盛期的研究樣本,一方面對其進行相對共時的規模量化與推導,另一方面也與明代泰山道教前後其他階段進行歷時對比分析。本文不僅吸收各類山志、地方志及相關文獻,還充分利用現有的泰山金石資料,以各類碑記(包括碑陰題名)、墓碑、塔銘、鐘銘等作為依據,且有不少是來自於著者的訪碑實錄而非二手文獻。本文對明代不同時期的道廟發展沿革情況進行了全面梳理,兼以論證其歸屬道派,並列舉了影響明代泰山道士生存的重大事件,從而對明代泰山道教鼎盛期的規模有了較為完整的認識。本研究對瞭解明代道教宗派的發展與變遷具有重要價值,呈現了相對明晰的明代泰山道教圖景。 |
| 英文摘要 | During the early Ming Dynasty, Taoism in Mount Tai 泰山 (present-day Tai’an City, Shandong Province) faced severe restrictions due to stringent religious policies. A case in point is the thousands of extant stone inscriptions that record less than one hundred names of Taoist priests in the entire dynasty, among which not a single one from the early Ming. Between the eras of Zhengtong (1436–1449) and Zhengde (1506–1521), the religious policies of the Ming court fluctuated. The indiscriminate issuance of the certificates of ordination during the Chenghua era (1465–1487) led to a significant increase in the number of Taoist monks nationwide, leading to the expansion of Taoism in Mount Tai. After the 18th year of Jiajing (1539), the court stopped controlling the number of Buddhist monks and Taoist priests in society by condoing the free trade of ordination certificates of ordination. As a result, the problem of succession in many Taoist monasteries was resolved. Taoism in Mount Tai saw even greater development during the Wanli (1573–1620) and Tianqi (1621– 1627) periods, with the expansion of Taoist priests in number substantially surpassed the past. During the Chongzhen period (1628–1644), Mount Tai Taoism suffered severe setbacks due to wars and natural disasters, and the situation only improved after the Qing Dynasty unified the realm. Since no parish registers of Taoist priests and parishioners originally kept in the Ministry of Rites or local archives have survived, it is impossible to correctly estimate the number and size of the various Taoist groups active at Mount Tai during the Ming. Alternatively, this paper chooses the local gazetteers Taishan zhi 泰山志 (completed in the Jiajing period, 1522–1566), Tai’an zhou zhi 泰安州志 and Dai shi 岱史 (both compiled during the Wanli period) as entry points to the investigation of said topic. With a wealth of documentary records of the respective periods, these sources serve as excellent samples for research into the heyday of Mount Tai Taoism. The present study involves quantifying and deducing the scale of Taoist activity during a relatively synchronous period while also conducting comparative analyses with other stages of Taoism around Mount Tai during the Ming dynasty. In addition to various chronicles found at the mountain, local gazetteers and related documents, this paper examines the inscriptions still extant at Mount Tai, including those found on steles (on both front and back sides), tombstones, pagodas, and bronze bells, to name but a few, thereby grounding the research in both secondary and primary sources. This comprehensive retrospect of the various stages of development of Taoist temples during the Ming Dynasty offers a better understanding of the magnitude and nature of the Taoist schools during their flourishing period at Mount Tai. |
本系統中英文摘要資訊取自各篇刊載內容。