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| 題 名 | 唐代玄宗時期道教的「宗法性」轉向--以太清宮的建立為中心=The "Patriarchal" Reorientation of Taoism in the Xuanzong Period of the Tang Dynasty: Centering on the Establishment of the Taiqing Palace |
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| 作 者 | 劉政秀; | 書刊名 | 華人宗教研究 |
| 卷 期 | 25 2025.01[民114.01] |
| 頁 次 | 頁1-47 |
| 分類號 | 230 |
| 關鍵詞 | 唐玄宗; 道教; 太清宮; 宗法性宗教; Emperor Xuanzong of Tang; Taoism; Taiqing Palace; Patriarchal religion; |
| 語 文 | 中文(Chinese) |
| DOI | 10.6720/SCR.202501_(25).0001 |
| 中文摘要 | 太清宮的建立,以往多被認為是唐玄宗崇道活動走上高峰的標誌事件,或道教因素進入國家祭祀的體現。但若考察玄宗在太清宮建立前夕的諸多舉措,以及太清宮中道教因素的存在方式便會發現,崇道只是表面現象,道教因素之所以能夠進入國家祭祀,也是因為道教在玄宗的引導下發生了宗法性的轉向。在南北朝時期的靈寶、上清經中,元始天尊為首,太上大道君次之,太上老君又次之的神系已較為穩固,這無疑不利於作為世俗至尊的李唐皇室對其在神聖層面的地位進行論述。玄宗注意到南北朝以來老子與元始天尊混同、「三清」觀念逐漸形成的現象,以官修道經的方式認可發揚之,並解禁以老子變形為核心的《老子化胡經》,使老子藉助身形變化獲得與天尊比肩的地位,從而使李唐皇室在世俗與神聖兩個層面取得至尊之位。同時,他通過對宗室概念的更新,將道教徒納入宗正寺,使自己與道教徒藉助老子這一媒介,構建起「擬宗族」關係。玄宗將「偶像-信眾」與「聖祖-聖裔」兩種關係彼此模糊,不僅在血緣家族之外擴展出「神緣家族」,而且他本人也實現了「教主」與「宗主」雙重身份的構建。而這一身份,也是他進行下一步的前提基礎。太清宮的建立,使得唐玄宗「教主」與「宗主」的雙重身份,以及李唐皇室乃老子後裔的「神聖家族」這一認識進一步外化在可視、可參與的禮儀上,而不止停留在觀念層面。在太清宮建立之初,玄宗即造作了老子聖容居中、唐帝真容侍立於側的組合像供奉其中。而通過與太清宮同等性質的東都太微宮歷次遷移、修繕的過程可見,這種組合像正是太清宮如何遷改也始終不變的核心象徵,它以造像的方式展示出老子與唐帝之間密切的親緣關係。太清宮既模仿太廟又模仿道觀的建築規制,以及太清宮中世俗官員與道士混雜的人員構成,一方面顯示出老子作為道教主神與皇室先祖的雙重面相,另一方面也顯示出李唐皇室世俗之尊與神仙之胤的雙重權威。以宰相領太清宮使而非如道觀般設立三綱的管理模式,則體現出玄宗對太清宮道教屬性的遏制,和對國家宗廟性質的強調。而在太清宮中進行的朝獻儀式,儘管由於玄宗的歷次改革而呈現出顯著的道教色彩,但其實嵌套在享廟儀式的大框架中,「宗法為體,宗教為用」才是太清宮儀式的根本原則。可見,在玄宗時期,道教發生了宗法性的轉向。皇帝既是世俗統治者,也是道教的教主之裔;道教徒既是崇道之眾,又是皇室的方外之親。而太清宮更是以聖容真容的組合像、特殊的建築規制、人員構成和管理模式,方方面面地將這一新的轉向顯現出來。這一切的背後,則是玄宗藉助道教將李唐皇室打造為「神聖家族」並強化權威的政治目的。這也提示我們重新審視玄宗的崇道行為,以及道教在唐代興盛繁榮的深層動因。 |
| 英文摘要 | In the past, the establishment of Taiqing Palace was regarded as a symbolic culmination of Emperor Xuanzong's Taoist devotion, or a manifestation of Taoist elements in state rituals. However, a closer examines of Emperor Xuanzong's measures on the eve of the palace's establishment, as well as the way in which Taoist elements were integrated into it, reveals that his veneration of Taoism was only a superficial phenomenon. The fundamental reason why Taoist elements were able to enter the state rituals was also due to a patriarchal reorientation under Emperor Xuanzong's guidance. In the Lingbao and Shangqing scriptures of the Northern and Southern Dynasties, the divine lineage had become more firmly established, placing Yuan Shi Tian Zun at the highest rank, followed by Taishang Da Dao Jun, and then Taishang Lao Jun. This hierarchy posed a challenge for the Li Tang royal family, as their status as secular rulers complicated their assertion of a place within the sacred order. Recognizing the phenomenon of the mixing of Laozi and Yuan Shi Tianzun and the gradual formation of the concept of the "Three Pure Ones" since the Northern and Southern Dynasties, Emperor Xuanzong endorsed and developed it in the form of the official Taoist scriptures. He also lifted the ban on the Laozi Huanhu Jing, which emphasized Laozi's transformations, thereby elevationg him to a status equal to Tianzun. This legitimized the Li Tang royal family's supremacy in both secular and the sacred realms. Simultaneously, he renewed the concept of the clan by incorporate Taoists in the Zongzheng Temple, thus constructing a "pseudo-clan" relationship between himself and the Taoists through the medium of Laozi. By blurring the relationship between "idol-believer" and " sacred ancestor-sacred descendant," Xuanzong not only expanded the "divine family" beyond the blood family, but also realized the construction of the dual identities of "spiritual leader" and "patriarch" in himself. The status underpinned his future religious and political strategies. With the establishment of the Taiqing Palace, Emperor Tang Xuanzong's the dual identity as both "spiritual leader" and "patriarch", along with the perception of the Li Tang royal family as a "sacred lineage" descended from Laozi, became externalized through visible and participatory rituals rather than remaining conceptual level. At the very beginning of the establishment of the palace, Emperor Xuanzong commissioned an image featuring Laozi's sacred visage at the center, with the Tang emperor's true likeness standing beside him. By analyzing the relocation and repair of the Taiwei Palace in Dongdu, which is of the same nature as the Taiqing Palace, reveals that this combination of statues is the core symbol of the Taiqing Palace, unchanged even after the relocation of the palace, This enduring imagery demonstrates the close relationship between Laozi and the Tang Emperor. The architectural design of the palace which incorporated elements from both the temple and the Taoist temple, as well as the mixed composition of secular officials and Taoist priests in the palace. On the one hand, it shows Laozi's dual identity as the main god of Taoism and the ancestor of the imperial family, and on the other hand, it also demonstrates the dual authority of the secular dignity of the Li Tang royal family and that of the Yin of the Immortals. The mode of management, in which the prime minister led the Taiqing Palace instead of setting up a three-pronged system as in the case of Taoist temples, reflects Emperor Xuanzong's curtailment of the Taoist attributes of the Palace and his emphasis on the nature of the state's temples. As for the sacrificial ceremonies performed in the palace, although they were significantly colored by Taoism due to Xuanzong's reforms, they were in fact nested in the framework of the temple rituals, and the fundamental principle of the rituals of the palace was "patriarchal law" as the body and religion as the use. During the reign of Emperor Xuanzong, Taoism underwent a patriarchal reorientation. The emperor was both a secular ruler and a Taoist patriarch, while the Taoists were both religious adherents and relatives of the imperial family. The Taiching Palace embodied this new orientation in multiple ways, with a combination of images of the Holy Spirit, special architectural rules, staff composition and management mode. Behind all this was the political aim of Emperor Xuanzong to use Taoism to construct the Li Tang royal family into a "sacred lineage" and to strengthen its authority. This perspective also invites a reassessment of the deeper motivation behind Emperor Xuanzong's Taoist policies and the flourishing of Taoism in the Tang dynasty. |
本系統中英文摘要資訊取自各篇刊載內容。