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| 題 名 | Rechtsfragen der deutschen Öko-Steuern=德國生態稅的法律問題 |
|---|---|
| 作 者 | 陳汶津; | 書刊名 | 科技法律評析 |
| 卷 期 | 8 2015.12[民104.12] |
| 頁 次 | 頁181-282 |
| 分類號 | 567.89 |
| 關鍵詞 | 生態稅; 能源稅; 電力稅; 環境保護; 環境公課; Eco tax; Energy tax; Electricity tax; Environmental protection; Environmental fees; |
| 語 文 | 德文(German) |
| 中文摘要 | 在現代工業社會高度發展下,人類已逐漸感受到工業化對於環境所帶來的負面影響,進而引起人類對環境保護的重視。環境稅即為近年來各國環境保護意識抬頭下的產物。德國自1999年起開徵帶有環保目的的生態稅(即能源稅及電力稅),實施迄今已逾15年,對於環境保護帶來良好的正面效益。然而德國在開徵生態稅之前,產官學界對於相關問題曾經經過一番激烈爭辯。對照德國生態稅過去的發展過程,台灣未來若要開徵環境稅仍有可能與德國面臨相同的爭議問題,職是之故,瞭解德國立法者如何在追求經濟發展及維護生活環境之間取得平衡,其思維模式對於以經貿為命脈的台灣而言,更彰顯其價值所在。 本文的重點在於德國法的介紹,並分為德國法及歐洲法兩個層次。在德國法層次的部分,首先提出的問題是:生態稅是否為合適的租稅客體?其中涉及「租稅」概念以及「環境負擔」得否作為構成要件要素。其次,開徵生態稅是否有其必要?在四種公課類型中,租稅只是其中之一,而影響層面最廣。在此必須探究採取何種公課方式最能達成環境保護的目的。若肯定生態稅為一種適當且必要的新的租稅類型,則接著要進一步探究的是聯邦與各邦之間租稅立法權的劃分。然而即使立法者有憲法依據得以課徵生態稅,其立法權仍須有其界限。此外,德國身為歐盟成員國之一,同時須注意歐盟法的相關規定。最後在前述脈絡下,以立法委員鄭麗文於民國100年3月4日提出的「化石能源稅條例草案」為本文討論依據,探討在台灣開徵環境租稅的可行性。 |
| 英文摘要 | The negative impact on our environment, as a result of the development of industrial society, has raised people’s attention to environment protection. Environmental taxes are thus created under the circumstance that many countries are making efforts to protect the environment. Germany has levied eco-tax (i.e. energy tax and electricity tax) for the purpose of environment protection since 1999 and has generated positive effects. Before Germany decided to levy eco-tax, the government, the industries and the academia had debated on this issue. It is very likely that Taiwan will have gone through the same debate if the Taiwan government decides to levy green tax. Given Taiwan’s economy relies heavily on its industries, it is crucial to gain understanding of the law making process in Germany and how Germany manages to keep balance between economic development and environment protection. The article introduces German laws in the aspects of German laws and European Community Law. As far as German laws are concerned, the first question raised is if eco-tax is an appropriate tax object? To answer this question, whether the concept of tax and environmental impact are essential have to be taken into account. The second question would be if it’s necessary to levy eco-tax? Among the four types of public dues, tax has the most far-reaching effect. It is important to investigate which public dues can mostly effectively achieve the goal to protect the environment. If eco-tax was acknowledged as a new and necessary tax type, the next step taken would be the investigation of Taxation Legislation between German Federation and German federal Lands. Even though the law makers can levy eco-tax based on the Constitution, the legislative power has its own limits. In addition, as a member of European Union, German has to consider relevant regulations in the law of the European Communities. The feasibility of levying green tax in Taiwan has to be discussed in the before mentioned context. |
本系統中英文摘要資訊取自各篇刊載內容。