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題 名 | Senior Welfare in Korean Confucian Society=韓國的儒家傳統和老人福利 |
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作 者 | 李善慶; | 書刊名 | 儒教文化研究 |
卷 期 | 25 2016.02[民105.02] |
頁 次 | 頁55-73 |
分類號 | 132.51 |
關鍵詞 | 老人福利; 儒敎; 福利哲學; 家族主義; 孝悌; 修身; Senior welfare; Confucianism; Philosophy of welfare; Familism; Xiaoti; Filial piety and fraternal love; Xiushen; Moral self-cultivation; |
語 文 | 英文(English) |
中文摘要 | 根據國際老人人權團體的研究報告顯示,目前韓國的老人福利政策嚴重落後於許多已開發和開發中國家,甚至比越南、斯里蘭卡等亞洲貧窮國家還要落後。以 21世紀歐美先進國家的老年福利政策觀之,目前國際老年福利政策的發展趨勢已經從重視物質的層次轉為重視精神的層次。 筆者通过研究發現,傳統儒教社會雖物質條件惡劣,但卻能使老人們在精神層次上得到較高水準的滿足。因此筆者認為,探討傳統文化的儒家思想,能夠為當前老人福利政策提供既符合韓國文化傳統又較為符合國際發展趨勢的理論基礎,幫助政府訂定既符合傳統文化又能與西方先進國家同步的老人福利政策。為此,本論文將以考察傳統社會老人福利價值觀、政策內容以及特色為起點,闡釋儒家的老人福利理念。 儒家所推崇的理想福利社會乃是大同世界,建基於儒家萬物一體的宇宙觀,其實踐層面必須從個人的修身入手。若就西方理論觀之,大同社會的哲學理念類似於西方的大家庭主義 (familism)或社群主義 (communitarianism)的思想。就大家庭主義論之,儒家主張老人是後代子孫的生命根源以及家族和諧的中心,由此思想發展出一系列的孝悌倫理,並以此建構家族倫理與社會倫理。於是,孝悌倫理便成為儒家社會老人福利思想的根基,所有與老人有關的社會制度與福利政策莫不是為了發揚傳統敬老尊賢的孝悌精神。儒家眼中的老人既不是弱者的生物,更不是所謂的弱勢群體,而是家族生命的根源與家族和諧的仲裁者。因此,儒家老人福利的特徵在於恢復老人的尊嚴。目前韓國社會在逐漸開始重新重視家族關係與社群意識,但若要以此發展韓國的老人福利政策,忽略或捨棄傳統文化的哲學思想,就會有文化斷層的不利影響。因為,孝悌倫理與個人修身才是實踐老人福利政策的核心。我們需重建以孝悌倫理與個人修身為核心的老人福利哲學,並以此發展具體可行的政策,这样才能建立繼往開來且與時俱進的老人福利政策。 |
英文摘要 | This paper explores modern approaches to senior welfare by considering specific characteristics of senior welfare in pre-modern Korean Confucian society, in particular, that society’s emphasis on mental wellness. The paper also attempts to propose specific methods and characteristics from that approach which are applicable to public policy on senior welfare in contemporary South Korean society. An ideal society in Confucianism is referred to as datong 大同(great unity) society, a social organization based on familism and communitarianism which takes the cosmology of wanwu yiti 萬物一體(the unity between all things) and xiushen 修身(moral self-cultivation) as its theoretical bases. In a Confucian view of the family, seniors are considered to be guides for children and the cornerstones of family unity. The notion of xiaoti 孝悌(filial piety and fraternal love) is regarded as the foundation of senior welfare both in societies and in families. In addition, the state institutionalized various means to actualize the practice of xiaoti 孝悌. The welfare system in traditional Confucian society in Korea was distinctive in that it did not view the senior citizen as a socially and biologically disadvantaged individual. Rather, the notion of human dignity was a key consideration in establishing the system of senior welfare. Today, we need to develop a win-win approach to caring for our seniors which both strengthens the family bond and restores local communities. Doing so will require us to adapt the notions of xiushen 修身and xiaoti 孝悌to our lives in modern society. In this respect, this paper argues that we should develop specific policies at a state level to support senior welfare based on the principles of xiushen 修身and xiaoti 孝悌. |
本系統中英文摘要資訊取自各篇刊載內容。