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題名 | 民用飛航駕駛員之認知老化=Cognitive Aging in Civilian Pilots |
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作者 | 李苡星; 徐健; Li, Yi-hsing; Shiu, Jian; |
期刊 | 中華民國航空醫學暨科學期刊 |
出版日期 | 20151200 |
卷期 | 29:1/2 2015.12[民104.12] |
頁次 | 頁3-10 |
分類號 | 412.85 |
語文 | chi |
關鍵詞 | 認知老化; 年長飛航駕駛員; 執行功能; 神經心理衡鑑; 前額葉區域; Cognitive aging; Older pilots; Executive functions; Neuropsychological assessment; Prefrontal cortex; |
中文摘要 | 本文旨在探討民用飛航駕駛員的認知老化。由於老化同時影響腦與心智的運作,故本文以神經心理學的觀點為基礎,回顧過去和年齡相關之神經認知功能的改變與大腦神經機制的研究。結果顯示,在正常老年人身上發現的神經認知功能下降,在特定幾個領域較為明顯,分別是涉及高層次認知運作的執行功能,包括心智彈性、行為抑制與工作記憶等三層面。此外,陳述性記憶與訊息處理速度亦為較容易受到老化影響的認知功能領域。就大腦的神經基礎,則主要與前額葉、內側顳葉區域,以及周邊白質構造的改變較有關。關於老化對飛航駕駛員認知功能的影響,其結果與正常老人的研究大致相符,唯這些神經認知功能的改變,可能是影響其飛行表現的重要貢獻因子之一。另外,這些神經認知功能水準的下降不論在正常老人或飛航駕駛員身上,大致皆始於成年中期以後。上述文獻回顧突顯了在國內航空領域的研究或實務工作者應更加重視此議題,本文在最後亦提出五項有關評估年長飛航駕駛員神經認知功能的原則及可參考的評估模式,供臨床及實務上之應用及參考。 |
英文摘要 | The goal of the present review is to address some of the critical issues of cognitive aging in civilian pilots. Since the aging process affects the individuals in both neurological aspect and neurocognitive functions, several key findings of neurocognitive functioning and its underlying brain mechanisms in the normal aging population were reviewed. Based on the literature review, we find that neurocognitive decline in an aging population seems to be evident in several domains contributing to higher order cognitive abilities as well as declarative memory and information processing speed. These domains include, but not limited to, mental flexibility, inhibition, and working memory. It has been proposed that the neural substrates underlying these cognitive declines mainly involve the prefrontal and medial temporal lobes, as well as the adjacent white matter structures. In terms of the effects of aging on the neurocognitive abilities of pilots, the profile is somewhat in accordance with findings in the normal aging population that the most common effects are a general decline in central executive function, poor new learning ability, and reduction in information processing. Such age-related changes in cognition may contribute to declines in pilot performance during flight. Furthermore, the effects of the aging process on these domains, which are also consistent with findings from normal aging studies, appear to intensify after middle adulthood. Such results underscore the necessity of paying greater attention both scientifically and practically to age-related cognitive changes in civilian pilots. Particularly in Taiwan, there has been relatively little research or relevant discussion in this area. We thus propose five basic principles for evaluating the neurocognitive abilities of aging civilian pilots. In addition, a two-stage model of neurocognitive assessment (i.e., brief cognitive screening and comprehensive neuropsychological examination) is suggested. We hope that the principles and model thus proposed will serve as a reference guide for clinicians and practitioners who work in the aviation field when they conduct psychological assessments of aging civilian pilots. |
本系統之摘要資訊系依該期刊論文摘要之資訊為主。