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題 名 | 劉宗周 (1578-1645) 對於「主靜」與「靜坐」的反省--一個思想史的探討=Liu Tsung-chou's Reconsideration of the Doctrine of “Emphasizing Tranquility” and the Practice of Sitting in Meditation: A Question in Intellectual History |
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作 者 | 潘振泰; | 書刊名 | 新史學 |
卷 期 | 18:1 2007.03[民96.03] |
頁 次 | 頁43-85 |
分類號 | 126.94 |
關鍵詞 | 主靜; 靜坐; 陳獻章; 湛若水; 王陽明; 聶豹; 歐陽德; 王畿; 羅洪先; 高攀龍; 陳龍正; 劉宗周; Emphasizing tranquility; Chu ching; Sitting in meditation; Ching-tso; Ch'en Hsien-chang; Chan Jo-shui; Wang Yang-ming; Nei Pao; Ou-yang Te; Wang Chi; Lo Hung-hsien; Kao P'an-lung; Ch'en Lung-cheng; Liu Tsung-chou; |
語 文 | 中文(Chinese) |
中文摘要 | 「靜坐」是宋明理學的一大課題。「靜坐」又與「主靜」之說相連,自周敦頤倡「主靜」說,程顥、程頤倡導「靜坐」以來即構成宋明理傳統中的一大課題,在明代理學出現「心學」轉向後,由於陳獻章開創了特殊的「靜坐」之教,此一課題更為引人注目。明代諸多學者,除了陳獻章之外,還有湛若水、王陽明、聶豹、歐陽德、王畿、羅洪先、高攀龍、陳龍正、劉宗周等人無不或積極投入、或起而攻之。本文乃以劉宗周對於「主靜」、「靜坐」的反省為例,作一思想史的探討,從中討論「主靜」、「靜坐」說在明代理學中所遭到的四大質疑:(一)「主靜」、「靜坐」有違程朱「主敬」之教;(二)「主靜」、「靜坐」近似佛家的「主靜」、「坐禪入定」之教;(三)「主靜」、「靜坐」之說背後隱藏一種「體 / 靜」與「用 / 動」相對的二元論;(四)「主靜」、「靜坐」容易使人流於喜靜厭動之弊。並說明劉宗周對於這類質疑的回應。藉此探索「主靜」、「靜坐」之說在明代思想史上的理論脈動。 |
英文摘要 | "Sitting in Meditation" (ching-tso) is a central issue in Neo-Confucianism. The practice of sitting in meditation is usually related to the doctrine of "emphasizing tranquility" (chu ching). The doctrines of "emphasizing tranquility" and "sitting in meditation" became an important issue in the Neo-Confucian tradition after Chou Tun-i propounded the doctrine of "emphasizing tranquility" and Chi'eng Hao and Ch'eng I promoted the practice of "sitting in meditation" Ch'en Hsien-chang's creation of a special way of sitting in meditation inspired a new intellectual orientation toward the study of the Learning of the Mind, and the issue aqttracted increasing scholarly attention. Besides Ch'en Hsien-chang, many other Ming scholars, including Chan Jo-shui, Wang Yang-ming, Nei Pao, Ou-yang Te, wang Chi, Lo Hung-hsien, Kao P'an-lung, Ch'en Lung-cheng and Liu Tsung-chou, involved themselves in discussion of the issue. This study uses Liu Tsung-chou's reconsideration of the doctrine of "emphasizing tranquility" and "sitting in meditation" as a case-study to reveal four main kinds of doubts on the doctrine of "emphasizing tranquility" and the practice of "sitting in meditation" in the history of Ming Neo-Confucianism. First, there was doubt about the compatibility between these doctrines and the doctrine of "emphasizing reverence" that was emphasized in the Ch'eng-Chu paradigm of Neo-Confucianism. Second, there was doubt about their closeness to Ch'an Buddhism. Third, there was doubt about the "substance/tranquility" and "function/activity" dualism on which they were based. Last, there was doubt about their lapsing into a preference for tranquility over activity. From this study we can investigate how the doctrines of "emphasizing tranquility" and "sitting in meditation" developed in Ming intellectual history. |
本系統中英文摘要資訊取自各篇刊載內容。