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題名 | History and Significance of the Uruguay Round Negotiations and Agreements=烏拉圭回合談判與協定的歷史與意義 |
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作 者 | Winham, Gilbert R.; | 書刊名 | WTO研究 |
卷期 | 4 民95 |
頁次 | 頁1-55 |
分類號 | 558.2 |
關鍵詞 | 關貿總協; 世界貿易組織; 烏拉圭回合談判; 東京回合談判; GATT; WTO; Uruguay round negotiations; Tokyo round negotiations; |
語文 | 英文(English) |
中文摘要 | 烏拉圭回合談判為二次世界大戰後於關貿總協架構下的第八次多邊貿易協議。自一九五零年代歐洲經濟共同體成立後,共有三回合多邊貿易談於關貿總協下舉行。 第一回合是一九六三年至一九六七年的甘迺迪回合談判,起因為美國政府為因應歐洲共同體成立造成的影響。一九七三年至一九七九年的東京回合談判是因應美國決定放棄布萊敦森林體制下的黃金美元固定匯率政策。這兩回合談判皆起因於強國的大規模政策轉變。 與此相比,烏拉圭回合談判並無相同因素。烏拉圭回合談判面對的是全球經濟衰退與各國對世界經濟成長的不確定感,因此促成烏拉圭回合談判的因素並不如前兩回合明顯,遑論促成最終結論的原因。 本文主旨在探討促成烏拉圭談判啟動的因素以及導致烏拉圭回合談判達成協議的壓力。特別著重於國際體系的因素而非來自特定國家的影響。本文結論為面對一九八零年代與早期一九九零年代的世界經濟體系衰退,烏拉圭回合談判可視為國際成員此轉變的集體應對措施。國家一方面面臨世界經濟成長的減慢,一方面體認到貿易議題的重要。不論是農業、服務業、紡織業帶來的貿易問題,或是已開發國家與開發中國家的爭議長久以來即是各國的焦點。 此回合談判中,各國皆認知到國際經濟對國內經濟的影響,因此,可在國際經濟問題與各國處理國際經濟問題間找到連結。然而,即便如此,於分析此回合各國政府決策時仍需視為多邊不同勢力間的角力與權宜之計下產生的結論,而非一致共同的回應。 |
英文摘要 | The Uruguay Round began with one set of concerns and ended with another. It started with the fear that the world economy was slowing while at the same time trade was becoming more important, and that trade problems such as agriculture, services and textiles--as well as relations between developed and developing countries--were long past the point where they needed urgent attention. It concluded with the recognition that the world economy was becoming globalized, and that the GATT trade regime needed a fundamental overhaul for it to be relevant to a changed international environment. In this negotiation, national decision makers appeared to appreciate the importance of the international economy for national economies. Presumably there was a link between problems in the international economy and the policies designed to address them. On the other hand, there is an argument that in analyzing government actions, one often assumes more order exists in policy making than was the case when the decisions were made.? Thus Paul Krugman has observed that:"Policy is rarely a coherent response to perceived problems; more often it represents the outcome of bargains and struggles between groups...." The Uruguay Round could well have been an example of Krugman's observation. It was a hard fought multilateral negotiation with an enormous agenda: surely it would be plausible to expect the outcome would be simply a vast collection of expedient exchanges, with little if any reference to the broader forces at work in the world economy. As for being a coherent response to policy problems, no one associated with negotiations in GATT would claim that coherence was the strong suit of the process. And yet, the Uruguay Round did produce a result that was relevant to the perceived problems of the day. Decision makers appeared to make the right choices at the Uruguay Round, which have been confirmed in the passage of time since the completion of the Uruguay Round. Despite the difficulties the WTO has had in its brief history, of which the aborted Seattle Ministerial Meeting was the main example, there has been no serious movement toward repudiating the commitments of the Uruguay Round Agreements. The WTO owes its success to the fact that it was a mainly appropriate response to the problems thrown up by the world economy at the end of the Twentieth Century. |
本系統之摘要資訊系依該期刊論文摘要之資訊為主。