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題名 | 美洲國家組織與國際人權法--區域性國際人權組織的形成與發展=Organization of American States and Interational Human Right Law--Formation and development of Area International Human Right Organizations |
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作者 | 葉錦鴻; |
期刊 | 臺灣國際法季刊 |
出版日期 | 20040100 |
卷期 | 1:1 2004.01[民93.01] |
頁次 | 頁52-79 |
分類號 | 579.27 |
語文 | chi |
關鍵詞 | 波哥大; 憲章; 人權; 國際; 美洲國家; 地域性組織; Bogota; Charter; Human rights; International; American states; Area orgainztion; |
中文摘要 | 美洲於一九四八年五月於波哥大召開第九屆美洲諸國會議(International conference of American States)時,通過美洲家組織憲章(The Charter of the Organization of American States-以下略稱為「波哥大憲章」),創設美洲國家組織。美洲國家組織以地域機關而編入聯合體制中,並於憲章中展現人權概念係一個統一的概念,且在不允許任何形態的歧視的同時,承認傳統的市民、政治權利與社會、文化權利,更強調正義乃永久和平的基礎,是人類史上第一個擁護人權的區域性組織。由於美洲國家間存在相互依存的民主制的結果,使得人權於美洲制度中受到國際或地承認,而於宣言形成有關人權問題的一致基準。 波哥大憲章在許多部分均提及人權,如前言中指出:「美洲國家組織是『為達成基於和平與正義的秩序』而設立之國際組織。美洲的歷史使命在於提供人類自由的土地、人發展以及為實正當願望所需的良好環境」。根據這個使命,在美洲諸國所確認的人權乃為「不因人種、籍、信仰或性別而有所歧視的個人基本權利」,另外亦規定「美洲諸國的聯合以及依據其所發揚的崇高目的,必須設立由檢署諸國所組成之代議制民主主義的有效實施為基準的政治組織」。再則,憲章中並敘述「社會正義及社會安全為永久和平的基礎」,且「國民教育必須指向正義、自由以及和平」,並對國家課賦尊重人權之義務。此外,在關於社會及文化基準之第二十八條乃至第三十一條中亦提及人權問題。 藉由憲章的規定,各國首先承認人權問題並非屬於一個國家排他性的國內管轄事項,其次再檢討實現國際性保護人權的立法。值得注意的是,憲章並非僅止於「宣示」個人的權利,更進一步地承認國家應尊重人權的義務。雖然於相關人權的保護方面,波哥大憲章並未一一明訂諸機關的權限,此點與聯合國憲章相較之下略遜一籌,但卻已將美洲人權大步邁向際承認的層次。本文嘗試從美洲國家共同形成國際人權的歷史脈絡著手,進而討論美洲人權條約的內容,並介紹美洲人權委員會與美洲人權法院運作的狀況,希望從其中摸索亞洲地區形成區域性國際人際組織的借鏡與範本。 |
英文摘要 | In the 9th “International Conference of American States”. Held in Bogota in May 1948, the Charter of the Organization of American States (the “Bogota Charter”) was passed and the Organization of American States was created. As an area organization, the Organization of American States was incorporated demonstrates that the concept of human rights is an unified concept; while disallowing discrimination of any form, it admits traditional civil and political rights, as well as social and cultural rights. Emphasizing justice as the foundation of everlasting peace, the Organization of American States is the first area organization which supports human rights. In view of the inter-dependent democratic system among American States, human right issues acquired international acceptance in American States, thus human right standards have been adopted into its declaration. The Bogota charter mentioned human right in substantial parts. As pointed out in its Preambles: “The historic mission of America is to offer to man a land of liberty and a favorable environment for the development of his personality and the realization of his just aspirations.” In accordance with this mission, the human rights confirmed by American States are “personal fundamental rights which may not be discriminated against based on race, nationality, religion or sex.” In addition, it provides that “the true significance of American solidarity and good neighborliness can only mean the consolidation on this continent, within the framework of democratic institutions, of a system of individual liberty and social justice based on respect for the essential rights of man.” Therefore, it imposes upon each member state the obligation to respect for human rights. From Article 28 to Article 31, the importance of human rights issues have also been stressed. By adopting the Charter, each member state first recognized that human right problems do not belong to exclusive domestic jurisdiction of a nation, and then followed the legislation and implementation of international human right protection. It is worth noting that, the Charter did not only “declare” personal rights, but further admitted a nation’s obligation to respect for human rights. Although the Bogota Charter did not set up relevant organizations, and was not as comprehensive as the United Nations Charter, it has brought the human right protection of American States into international level. This Article intends to trace the historical development of formation of international human right concept of American States, and to discuss the content of American Convention on Human Rights. Moreover, the operation of the American States Human Right Commission and Human Right Court will also be introduced. This article hopes to borrow the experience of formation of the Organization of American States, so that an area international human right organization can be established in Asia. |
本系統之摘要資訊系依該期刊論文摘要之資訊為主。