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題 名 | 蒙元科技的特色=On the Characteristics of Science and Technology in the Mongol-Yuan Period |
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作 者 | 何丙郁; | 書刊名 | 故宮學術季刊 |
卷 期 | 19:4 民91.夏 |
頁 次 | 頁1-10+169 |
專 輯 | 蒙元文化與藝術學術研討會專刊(一) |
分類號 | 309.2057 |
關鍵詞 | 科技史; 蒙元; 數學; 天文學; 火藥與火器; History of science and technology; Mongol-Yuan period; Mathematics; Astronomy; Gunpowder and firearms; |
語 文 | 中文(Chinese) |
中文摘要 | 中國傳統科技在十到十四世紀之間達到高峰。蒙元時期在科技和醫學方面,包括數學、天文學、煉金術、地球科學、印刷術、版畫、農業、水利、紡織技術、法醫學、內科、針灸、藥理學等都有實際進展。本文確認了蒙元對科學、科技方面所貢獻的兩項重要特色。 首先是數學的發展,在十三世紀遠遠超過世界其他各地。例如在高次方程式的研究上,歐洲一直要到十九世紀初才足以與中國匹敵,歐洲數學家從十七世紀起才開始注意不同的處理方法。事實上,中國數學在不同方法的持續研究上,已經造就中國曆算上的成就,結果是蒙元時期製作了傳統中國史上最先進的陰陽合曆。此外,本文也討論一些社會的因素,這些因素在中國數學的發展上起了催化的作用。 其次是中外科技交流方面。蒙元時期與世界各地的接觸頻繁,因而促進了東西方的科技交流,其中最具意義的是火藥武器的傳入歐洲,此在海上霸權的爭奪上扮演極重要的角色。而利用筒引導火藥爆炸力的方法,最初用在火藥機的實驗上,後來導致了蒸氣機與內燃機的發明,而這兩項發明在歐洲的工業革命扮演著重要角色。 |
英文摘要 | Traditional Chinese science and technology reached their peak of development during the tenth and the fourteenth century. The Mongol-Yuan period contributed to the advancement of science and technology in many areas, such as acupuncture, agriculture, alchemy, astronomy, cartography, forensic medicine, geography, internal medicine, irrigation, mathematics, pharmacology, printing, sericulture and textile industry. This paper identifies two important characteristics in the Mongol-Yuan contributions to science and technology. Chinese mathematics developed in the thirteenth century surpassed the rest of the world in several areas. In the study of numerical higher degree equations, for example, it was not matched in Europe until the beginning of the nineteenth century. Another example was the method of difference that only received the attention of mathematicians in Europe from the seventeenth century. Indeed the continuous study of the method of difference by Chinese mathematics had led to the advancement of calendrical science in China. As a result the Mongol-Yuan period hold the credit of having produced that most advanced luni-solar calendar in the history of traditional China. This paper also discusses the social factors that might have acted as a catalyst to the development of Chinese mathematics. Contact with the outside world increased dramatically during the Mongol-Yuan period, resulting in mutual exchange of knowledge in science and technology between East and West. The most significant among the exchanges was the transmission of knowledge of gunpowder weapons to Europe that played such an important role in the competition among the maritime powers. The principle of harnessing the explosive force of gunpowder in a cylinder first led to experiments on the gunpowder engine and subsequently in the invention of the steam engine and the internal combustion engine. All these played an important role in the industrial revolution in Europe. |
本系統中英文摘要資訊取自各篇刊載內容。