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題 名 | 相間轉移催化合成對-硝基苯丁基醚之研究=Studies on the Syntheses of P-nitrophenyl Butyl Ether Using Phase Transfer Catalysis |
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作 者 | 胡滌華; 葉茂榮; | 書刊名 | 科技學刊 |
卷 期 | 10:1 2001.01[民90.01] |
頁 次 | 頁43-50 |
分類號 | 460.02 |
關鍵詞 | 對-氯硝基苯; 對-硝基苯丁基醚; 相間轉移觸媒; 四級銨鹽; 氯化四級銨三相觸媒; 聚乙二醇系三相觸媒; P-chloronitrobenzene; P-nitrophenyl butyl ether; Phase transfer catalyst; Quaternary ammonium salts; Quaternary ammonium salts and poly (ethylene glycols) triphase catalyst; |
語 文 | 中文(Chinese) |
中文摘要 | 英國的教師會組織的,歷史悠久,規模頗大,一些較具影響力的教師會,都已經發展成為一成熟的大型組織,並透過教師會組織的運作,直托參與或間接反應教育決策等事務,並致力於提昇教學品質和專業地位,保為師生的利益和福祉。鑑於近年來國內教師專業自立意織覺醒,教師會組織依法有據及教師會籌組與變革之際,英國教師會的久遠歷史和經驗,頗值得國內教師與政府教育行政主管機關之參考。 本研究透過歷史文獻探討、個案分析、參觀訪談、暨與學者、專家的諮詢和與教師互相討論等方式,進行廣泛的蒐集資料,再由資料的檢驗分析,歸納出英國教師組織的現況、目的、組織架構、行政管理、重要服備論題和重要論題等要項,並從中發現十點教師對組織的特質:(一)明確的宗旨和目的;(二)獨立自主; (三) 民主化運作;(四)完整的組織架構;(五)多元化的會員服務;(六)多樣性的會員資格;(七)影響教育政策和教育事務;(八)專業出版;(九)教師會的區分主義和相互競爭;(十)歷史悠久。本文另提出教師會組織出現背景、政府與教師會組織關係、教師會組織之架構、單一或多元教師會組織、獨立自主與民主化運作、教師會的自我服務、專業自主與教師素質、會員類型、重視教師協會的意見與活動等九項研究心得。最後再提出九點建議和未來研究的建議。 {況較十年前好。1999年的大學生對輸出功能中的研究功能期望態度,比十年前的期望態度低;對支持的激勵功能的期望取向則較積極,換言之現在大學生較重視激勵功能。1999年的資料類示大學生最期望學校增加其實用功能,因期望甚高其滿意度相對的就曘低。文史類組的學生對通識功能、研究功能有較高的知覺及期望態度;醫事類組學生對服務功能、實用功能、適應功能有較高的知覺態度;工學類組學生除通識功能外,對大學教育功能的知覺實況較其它學系積極;相對的理學類組學生對大學教育功能的知覺實況較其它學系麵極;相對的理學類組學生對大學教育功能的知覺態度較其它學系消極。高皆組學生對研究、服務、適應等功能的滿意度較高。 |
英文摘要 | As the result of the long history and the considerable size of members as well as the great influence of teachers' organizations in the U.K., the study aimed to investigate their goals, their current situations, their structures, their administrations, their offering services for teachers, and their issues on education. The qualitative methods were utilized to inquire, collect, and analyze data from major teachers' associations and teachers' unions in the U.K. The findings of the present study were as follows: (1)the associations had clear objects and polices recognized by their members; (2)the associations were completely independent organizations, such as independent finance, independent personnel, independent offices, independent operation, etc.; (3)the associations were fully democratic bodies run by their members; (4)the associations had good administrative bodies and functional system; (5)the associations offered diverse services and benefits, such as expert advice, legal assistance, insurance protection, holiday and home as well as travel services, etc.; (6)almost every teacher joined one of the associations; moreover, student teachers, retire-teachers, and education-related persons could also take part in the associations; (7)through teachers' associations, teachers made direct representations to government and education-related bodies; (8)the associations provided professional publications, such as periodicals reports, bulletins, and books for their members; (9)the teachers' associations or unions were competitive and separated, and they made convincing policies and offered good services for their members in order to recruiting members more; (10)it took time to develop an influential teachers' association, such as NUT being over 129 years long. Based on the results, some opinions and suggestions were made for implementation and future researches. |
本系統中英文摘要資訊取自各篇刊載內容。