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題 名 | 美國「擴展民主」戰略的理論與實踐=The U.S. Strategy of Democratic Enlargement in Theory and Practice |
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作 者 | 羅致政; | 書刊名 | 臺灣政治學刊 |
卷 期 | 2 1997.12[民86.12] |
頁 次 | 頁191-232 |
分類號 | 574.52 |
關鍵詞 | 美國; 擴展民主; Democratic enlargement; Clinton doctrine; Immanuel kant; Democratic peace; U.S. foreign policy; Security strategy; Foreign assistance; Preventive diplomacy; Liberalism; |
語 文 | 中文(Chinese) |
中文摘要 | 進入後冷戰時期,「擴展民主」已取代「圍堵共產」,成為美國外交政策的指導原則。本文目的即在分析與評估擴展戰略的理論架構與政策實踐。向外推廣民主制度的作法,不僅反映出美國本身理想主義的文化背景,且同時展露出美國追求國家安全的企圖。由自由主義學者所倡「民主國家之間沒有戰爭」的「民主和平」理論,為擴展戰略提供了實現國家安全的必要論證。在政策實踐上,文章探討了擴展戰略的四大組成部分:鞏固民主核心國家、擴大民主陣營、降低對民主國家安全的內外在威脅、以及人道援助。此外,作者並檢視美國如何利用經濟、外交、政治、軍事等手段以達成以上標。雖然有其長遠的理想,擴展戰略在理論建構與政策推動上,均面臨了相當的挑戰。不論是民主與和平之間因果關係的推演、變數的定義與操作以及實證分析的可信度,「民主和平」理論都存在相當多值得爭議之處。而過度相信民主必將帶來和平,誇大美國可以左右其他國家發展方向的能力,低估其他國家對外在干預的可能反應與容忍程度,甚至過於強調非民主國家的不相容性等等,這些都是推動擴展戰略時可能遭遇挫敗的來源。 |
英文摘要 | To modify foreign policy to suit the post-Cold War era, the United States has proposed the strategy of democratic enlargement, replacing the outdated communist containment. This paper analyzes and assesses the theoretical underpinnings and policy practices of the enlargement strategy. To export democratic systems abroad not only coincides with fundamental American values but also reflects the security concerns of the Clinton administration. The democratic-peace theory, which claims the absence of war between democracies, serves as the rationale for the curity dimension of enlargement policy. We discuss the four pillars to democratic enlargement: 1) strengthening the community of major market democracies; 2) fostering and consolidating new democracies; 3) countering internal and external threats to democracies; and 4) pursuing humanitarian agenda. A combination of tools (economic, diplomatic, political, militay, etc.) is necessary to attain the above four goals. The implementation of enlargement strattegy, however, has drawn much criticism, on both theoretical and practical grounds. From the theoretical perspective, the causality between democracy and peace remains vague, the definition and operation of relevant variables loom problematic, and the reliability of empirical evidence awaits improvement. In practice, the overconfidence in democracy-produced peace, the exaggeration of U.S. ability to transform other countries, the underestimation of other countries likely response and intolerance of foreign intervention, and the overemphasis on the incompatibility between non-democracies and democracies may all contribute to the defeat of the enlargement strategy. |
本系統中英文摘要資訊取自各篇刊載內容。