頁籤選單縮合
題 名 | 農業生產函數之分析=The Analysis of Agricultural Production Function |
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作 者 | 謝森中; 王友釗; | 書刊名 | 中華農學會報 |
卷 期 | 32 民49.12 |
頁 次 | 頁59-73 |
關鍵詞 | 農業生產函數; |
語 文 | 中文(Chinese) |
英文摘要 | Production function expresses the functional relationsip between resource inputs and product output. The main purpose of poduction function analysis is to compute physical input-output coefficients to be used (1) for farmer's guidance in the use of available but limites resources (i.e., levels of fertilization or feeding, combinations of nutrients in a fertilizer mix or combinations of feed in a ration, etc.), and (2) for use in farm budgeting, linear programming, and other types of analysis to indicate optimum farm organization or resource use. The result of analysis will be helpful in formulating specific farm management or policy recommendations. The primary objectives of this paper are to illustrate some of the basic concepts of production function analysis and to point out the relevancy of employing this methodology to solve the problems of farm management. Emphasis is planced on the principles and methods by which future work might be made more adaptable to the use of this methodology for economic analysis of farm management problems in Taiwan. The theory of productions is well developed and should be used as the logical foundation in designing a study of this nature. Generally speaking, the economic criterion for the most profitable use of variable input, with other inputs fixed can be stated as that the marginal productivity of variable input should be equal to the resource and product price ratio. Thus, the condition of economic optimum is dependent upon (1) the physical input-output relationship and (2) the prices of product and variable input. However, if the farmer with limited working capital has available alternative uses, the economic criterion stated above should thus be modified. The basic principle allowing maximum returns to the farm as a whole is to equate the marginal productivity of working capital (percentage returns on the last dollar spent) in all available lines of uses of working capital. Another economic criterion for the optimum combination of two variable inputs for a specified level of product is the marginal rate of substitution of resource inputs should be equal to the factors price ratio. It is equivalent to say that the least-cost combination of resources for a given quantity of product is attained when the cost of the input added is equal to the cost of input replaced. Furthermore, the maximum profit is attained at the point where the value of added output is equal to the cost of incremental inputs combined in the least-cost manner. Since we are ordinarily faced with the problem of which alternative functions best describe the particular phenomena of production, the basic properties of some important functions are examined in this paper. The method of estimation and the test of significance of production function are also described briefly. Two examples are designed to illustrate important economic problems encountered in fertilizing different types of crops in Taiwan. The simplest problem--determining optimum rates of application of a single nutrient N--is illustrated with sweet potato. This case also used to illustrate a method of providing economic fertilizer recommendations to farmers with limited capital and the availability of alternative opportunities for the use of working capital. Another examples is illustrate the problem of economic optimum combination of two nutrients--nitrogen and phosphorus--by the experimental data for paddy rice. In analyzing the economics of fertilization of particular crops, certain methodological problems are encountered. These problems are handled as an integral part of the analysis of that crop, although some of these problems are quite general--for example, capital limitations imposed on farmers and risks and uncertainty. |
本系統中英文摘要資訊取自各篇刊載內容。