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題 名 | Effect of Cognition-Emotion Processes on Shifts in Conflict Management Strategies=認知和情緒在衝突管理措施改變上之影響 |
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作 者 | 程淑華; | 書刊名 | 應用心理學報 |
卷 期 | 7 1999.03[民88.03] |
頁 次 | 頁89-116 |
分類號 | 171.3 |
關鍵詞 | 社會歸因; 人際衝突; 衝突管理; 負面情緒; 自我效能期待; Social attribution; Interpersonal conflict; Conflict management; Negative emotions; Self-efficacy; |
語 文 | 英文(English) |
中文摘要 | 一般說來,一件衝突的發生往往需要歷經認知、情緒、和行為反應等過程。在處理衝突時,如果個人所喜歡和所習慣於使用的突管理措施無法達預期的目的時(遭到對方的反抗或拒絕),人們往 往會採取另一個措施來繼續處理衝突。在這種衝突管理措施改變的過程中,個人對周遭環境訊息的感受和 解釋扮演著一個極為重要的角色。此外,情緒亦在此過程中刺激個人認知的形成,進而影響到其選擇下一步衝突管理措施時的決定。是以本研究所主要探討的問題是:怎麼樣的一個因果結構模式可以用來合理的解釋認知和情緒對個人改變衝突管理措施時的影響?本研究的目的是嘗試設計一個假設的結構性方程式的模式(structural equation model),以解釋這種個人衝突行為模式改變的過程。依據上述的模式,當涉入一個衝突情境時,個人在認知結構、權力需求、以及對人個人的認知過程會介入其中而產生社會歸因,負面情緒亦會因此產生,進而影響到個人所可能選擇的下一個衝突管理措施。此外,效能期待也會在此初步的挫折中發揮效應,影響個人重新評估處理此衝突的困難度和個人的能力,以及個人下一步的決定。本模式亦包括測試人際關係的情境、性別、以及文化對此個人衝突管理決的影響。本研究的研究工具為一組合有測試上述變項的問卷;受試者為508位臺灣的大學生。所使用的資料分析工具為融合了驗證性因素分析(confirmatory factor analysis)和路徑分析(path analysis)的LISREL,基本上它是用來評估所蒐集到的資料和本研究的假設模式的整體適切度。整體來說,本研究所得到的結果大致支持其所提的理論架構。以下是幾個重要發現:(1)無論是在一組取樣(臺灣女、臺灣男)或那一種人際關係情境(與好朋友或普通朋友),那些最初選擇競爭性衝突管理措施的人,一旦面臨對方反抗時,他們易於歸罪對方,進而產生較多的負面情緖,繼而採用更競爭性的管理措施。此外,較多負面情緒亦會降低個人對整個衝突事件成功理的效能期待,而能期待只有在與普通朋友的衝突中,才會影響個人的下一步選擇突管理措施時的決定。(2)人們會依與衝突對方的友誼程度來選擇其衝突管理措施:在與普通朋友發生衝突繼而又遭到對方反抗時(相對於與好朋友發生衝突),人們較會採用競爭性的衝突管理措施。 |
英文摘要 | Based on the assumptions that (1) people adapt or revise their conflict management strategies when they are unable to obtain behavioral compliance from persuasive target during a conflict event, and (2) the key to conflict management by both parties is understanding the role of cognitive and emotional processes within it, a theoretical model was proposed to illuminate these changing individual behavior patterns. A set of questionnaires including measures of individual personality (open-mindedness, need for power, trust), initial and follow-up conflict management strategies (distributive strategies, passive-indirect strategies, integrative strategies), responsibility attributions generated by noncompliance, negative emotions, efficacy expectations, and relational context was developed. Samples were 508 Taiwanese. The data were analyzed by a structural equation modeling design. The degree to which obtained data fit a conceptual model can be evaluated. Overall, this study supplies evidence that behavior during conflict is influenced by the affective and perceptual characterization of the interpersonal relationships. The theoretical model fits moderately well for various cultural and gender samples. However, the same factor loading, paths and factor covariance seem not to hold across all samples and relational contexts. Strong and consensual evidence across all samples regardless of relational context shows that individuals’ selection of distributive strategies in their initial compliance-gaining attempt tends to follow greater other-directed attributions of responsibility generated by noncompliance. Greater responsibility attributions arouse higher negative emotions and motivate individuals to choose more distributive strategies in the follow-up attempt. Additionally, higher negative emotional arousal influences individuals to have lower efficacy expectations. The impact of efficiency expectations on individuals’ selection of follow-up attempt. Additionally, higher negative emotional arousal influences individuals to have lower efficacy expectations. The impact of efficacy expectations on individuals’ selection of follow-up conflict management strategies depends on how committed they are in the interpersonal relationships with the other party. The impact of personality is quite inconsistent across all samples and relational contexts. Gender differences are also discussed. |
本系統中英文摘要資訊取自各篇刊載內容。