頁籤選單縮合
題名 | 淺談宋代的大學教育=An Introduction of the University Education in Sung Dynasty |
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作者姓名(中文) | 郭紀青; | 書刊名 | 社會科教育研究 |
卷期 | 4 1999.12[民88.12] |
頁次 | 頁49-98 |
分類號 | 520.92051 |
關鍵詞 | 宋代; 大學教育; |
語文 | 中文(Chinese) |
中文摘要 | 宋代鑑於唐末五代武人過度驕橫,於統一天下後力行文治,重用文人主政,故儘管國勢不振,但在教育文化方面仍有建樹,僅就宋代大學教育,比之前朝(唐),就有許多改進,更是我國歷代大學教育發展過程中的重要變革時期,有許多足資後世敗法之處。茲將其發展之情形及評價分述於下: 壹、北宋三次的興學 一、第一次慶曆興學運動─主其事者為范仲淹。 二、第二次熙寧興學運動─主其事者為王安石。 三、第三次崇寧興學運動─主其事者為蔡京。 貳、南宋大學教育的衰落 宋室南渡後,當時廷臣均認為軍食未暇、國勢削弱,百事待舉,故教育陷於停頓,直至紹興十二年始增修臨安府學為太學,但因受到科舉的影響,太學敗壞,如朱熹所言:「太學者,但為聲利之場,…….師生相視,漠然如行路之人,問相與言,亦未嘗聞之以德行道藝之實。」太學已是有名無實了。 參、宋代太學的一般狀況 一、校舍-尚稱完備。 二、名額-時有變動。 三、教職員-已具備近代大學校長、教務、訓導、總務等方面之功能。 四、課程-時有變動。 五、考試-有私試、公試與會試。 六、學規-極為詳備,與近代大學規程相比,毫不遜色。 肆、宋代的專科學校 一、律學、醫學、算學、書學、道學-沿襲唐代。 二、武學、畫學-為宋代增設。 伍、太學生熱衷政治活動,其對時代的關懷與愛國精神的表現,令人感動。 陸、太學名稱-胡安定,他的教育精神,堪為後世典範 柒、宋代太學的評價 一、優點: 1.學校組織完善。 2.法令規章完備。 3.教育經費充裕。 4.專科學校增多。 5.平民受高等教育的機會大增。 6.太學生被公認為「無官御史台」,可影響朝政、監督政府。 二、缺點: 1.黨爭太多,使教育政策無法貫澈,以致效果打折扣。 2.受科舉影響,使太學生仍以參加科舉為目的,未能專注學術研究,反淪為製造官僚的工具。 3.太學生過於戀棧政潮聲色之情,而懶於靜修治學。 4.未能創發開闊的學術新領域,且無西方大學教育的獨立自由及獨特學風。 |
英文摘要 | In view that the people of military in the end of the Tang Dynasty had tremendous power and hence became arrogant, the Sung Dynasty, after uniting the country, devoted in policy governed by literates. Consequently many literates were highly promoted and entrusted. Despite the weakness in national power, the Sung Dynasty made great achievement in eduation and culture. Take the university education for example, the Sung Dynasty achieved a lot of improvements over the former era(Tang Dynasty), making this period the most reformative stage of university development in the history our country. Legacies remained ever since for the generations to follow. In this article, the development and appraisal of university education in the Sung Dynasty can be described as follows: (1) Three education promotions in the North Sung Dynasty 1. First Chin-Li education promotion movement-the advocate was Feng hung-Yen 2. Second Chin-Li education promotion movement-the advocate was Wang An-Shi 3. First Chin-Li education promotion movement-the advocate was Tsai Ging (II) Decline of university education in the South Sung Dynasty After the Sung Dynasty retreated to the south part of China, the development in education was stopped, for imperial court thought that the nation had seriously weakened, mountains of agendas had to be settled and the allocation for military had to be prioritized. It was until the Shaoxing 12th year that Ling-An provincial school was promoted to university. However, fected by the imperial examination, the university deteriorated, wich the great scholar Ju Shi described as "The university is a location for fame and wealth, The professors and students treat each other like strangers on the streets. I tried to hear what they talk about, and found there is nothing to do with moral, doctrine or art." Yhe university existed in name only. (III) General conditions of the university in the Sung Dynasty 1. The School facility: complete somewhat 2. The number of students: varied from time to time 3. Faculty: equipped with the functions of modern universities, including president, educational administration, disciplinary administration and general affairs administration. 4.Curriculum: varied from time to time. 5. Examination: there were private tests, public tests and joint examinations. 6. School regulations: very detailed, not inferior to those in modern universities. (IV) Colleges in the Sung Dynasty 1. Followed the Tang Dynasty: Laws, Medicine, Math, Calligraphy, Doctrine. 2.Added in the Sung Dynasty: Martial Arts, Painting Arts. (V) The university students were enthusiastic about political activities. Their concern for the times and patriotism was moving. (VI) Hu An-Ding, a famous scholar in the university, had the inspiring spirits for education, setting a model for future generations. (VII) Evaluation for the university education in the Sung Dynasty. Merits: (1)Well established organization (2)Complete and sound laws and regulations (3)Abundant budget (4)More colleges (5)The civilians had greater chance for higher education. (6)The university students were regarded as "cabinet members without an office", who had great influence in the government's policy. Demerits: (1) Too many conflicts and disputes between parties made the educational policies stop at half way and also sacrificed the achievements in education. (2) The university students devoted themselves solely to the imperial examination. Academic researches were neglected, and the university deteriorated into a tool that made bureaucrats. (3) The university students indulged in political trends and fame in stead of concentrating on study and contemplation. (4) The universities in this era wer unable to open broad new academic fields, and lacked the independent, free and distinctive atmosphere in the Western universities. |
本系統之摘要資訊系依該期刊論文摘要之資訊為主。