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題 名 | 明封司徒鎖巴頭目刺昝肖考--兼論元、明時代烏思藏拉堆洛萬戶=Research on the So-pa Headman LHa Btsan Skyabs Conferred with the Title Ssu-t'u by the Ming and the Myriarchies in dBus and gTsang in the Yuan and Ming |
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作 者 | 沈衛榮; | 書刊名 | 故宮學術季刊 |
卷 期 | 17:1 民88.秋 |
頁 次 | 頁103-136+左6-7 |
分類號 | 676.6 |
關鍵詞 | 明成祖; 司徒刺昝肖; 拉堆洛萬戶; 烏思藏十三萬戶; 明代西藏政策; Ming Ch'eng-tsu; Ssu-t'u lHa btsan skyabs; La stod lho khri skor; Thirteen Myriarchies of dBu gTsang; Ming policy towards Tibet; |
語 文 | 中文(Chinese) |
中文摘要 | 本文以新近公布的明成祖於永樂十二年二月初九日賜封烏思藏鎖巴頭目刺昝肖為司徒詔為出發點,主要是根據藏文史籍《協噶教法史》所提供的史料,考證出此之所謂鎖巴頭目刺昝肖當是元封烏思藏十三萬戶之一拉堆洛萬戶之後裔,進而以拉堆洛萬戶的歷史為主要線索,對元烏思藏十三萬戶的組成、來歷、沿革、內部政教情況、相互關係等提出一些新看法。即著又分別考證出《明實錄》永樂十一年二月己未條提到的與鎖巴頭目刺昝肖同時被授封為司徒的掌巴頭目扎巴、八兒土官鎖南巴、仰思都巴頭目公葛巴當是元拉堆絳萬戶後裔南監扎巴、屬江孜法王家族的西孜欽巴鎖南班和著名的江孜法王若丹公葛怕巴之父公葛怕巴;通過追溯這四位明封司徒之家族史發現,他們之先輩都曾無一例外地被元廷封為司徒。考之元、明職官制度,元末濫封司徒官銜,而明朝根本未設司徒銜,故永樂皇帝封此四人為司徒無非是對元之遺產的繼承,明代西藏政策與元代之政策實一脈相承。 |
英文摘要 | This article begins by examining a newly released edict of Ming Ch'engtsu. This edict was issued on the ninth day of the second month in the eleventh year of the Yung-lo reign (1413) in which So-pa mgon dpon 1Ha btsan skyabs was conferred the ssu-t'u title. Based mainly on the data provided by a Tibetan religious historical work Shel dkar chos 'byung, this So-pa mgon dpon 1Ha btsan skyabs is identified as the descendant of La stod 1Ho khri dpon, one of the Thirteen Myriarchies (khri skor bcu gsum) in dBus and gTsang designated by the Mongol-Yuan court (1279-1368). This article provides new thoughts on the components, origins, developments and mutual relationships of the Thirteen Myriarchies in dBus and gTsang by exploring the history of La stod 1Ho khri skor. Furthermore, three other Tibetan ssu-t'u-Chang-pa headman Cha-pa, Pa-er local official So-nan-pa and Yang-si-tu-pa Kung-ko-pa, whose title were granted at the same time as that of 1Ha btsan skyabs-are identified as La stod Byang pa mgo dpon [rNam rhyal] grags pa, rTse chen nub pa bSod nams dpal and Nyang stod pa Kun dga' pa, respectively. An investigation of the history of these four headmen families reveals that certain members of all four families had been bestowed the ssu-t'u title by the Yuan court. Judging from the fact that the ssu-t'u title was indiscriminately granted during the later period of the Yuan dynasty, that almost every Tibetan Myriarch received the ssu-t'u title as a honorary rank, and that the rank of ssu-t'u did not exist in the Ming dynasty at all, the conferment of the ssu-t'u title specifically to the Tibetan headmen by Ming Ch'eng-tsu can only be understood as a continuation of the Yuan legacy in Tibet. In order words, Yuan practice in Tibet was the foundation for Ming policy toward Tibet. |
本系統中英文摘要資訊取自各篇刊載內容。