頁籤選單縮合
題 名 | 淺談南宋書院名師的教育觀=A Study of Shu-Yuan Scholars's Educational View of the South Sung Dynasty |
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作 者 | 郭紀青; | 書刊名 | 臺中師院學報 |
卷 期 | 13 1999.06[民88.06] |
頁 次 | 頁283-321 |
分類號 | 520.1252 |
關鍵詞 | 南宋; 教育觀; |
語 文 | 中文(Chinese) |
中文摘要 | 書院在中國傳統教育時期佔有重要地位。在南宋書院中講學的理學家有四位舉足 輕重的人物:朱晦庵、陸象山、呂東萊及張南軒。他們名重當時,垂教後世,對教育提出了 許多寶貴的見解,值得我們效法。 朱晦庵,福建人,自幼穎梧,十九歲登進士第,官樞密院編修。但屢以被稱「偽學」而 受劾。曾重修「白鹿洞書院」,並訂定「白鹿洞學規」,他著述甚多,在中國學術上有崇高地 位,蔡元培曾說:「宋之有朱晦庵,猶周之有孔子,皆吾族道德之集成者也」。朱子認為教育 之最高目的,在培養聖賢,也就是要養成完善無缺的人格。 陸象山,江西人,生長在一個充滿書聲的家庭,兄弟六人相互為師,互相切磋,手足感 情融洽。他與朱熹同時代,兩人雖見解不同,但相處友善。陸子認為教育的目的,是教人「做 個人」,也就是本心不可失,即孟子所說的要做箇「不失赤子之心」的大人物。 呂東萊,浙江人,他的六世祖為呂公著,故屢世純儒,中原文獻之傳,獨落於東萊之家, 他與晦庵、南軒均為好友,學業日就。他的學問所長在史學方面,而非理學。他一生服務宮 庭二十年,並以充職史事為主,其餘時間則講學,主持麗澤書院八、九年,訂有「呂氏學規」, 比「白鹿洞學規」更早且較生活化,他強調學校可發揮社會教育的功能,故他的教育目的為 「昌明正學」、「轉移風俗」為主。 張南軒,湖南人,父親張浚為南宋名臣,他曾在父親幕府參贊戎機,父逝去職,又曾任 撫、嚴等州知事。又主持嶽麓書院,朱熹亦來講學,至使學風大盛。他平日教人只是言「下 學」、言「漸進」,言「格物致知」,故他的教育要旨為強調「致知力行」。 上述四位書院講學名師不但在學術上造詣很高,並且他們循循善誘、誨人不倦的精神更 令人敬佩,而應為我們現代從事教育工作者極力效法才是! |
英文摘要 | Shu-Yuan, a kind of private schools supervised by scholars, played an important role during the period of traditional education in China. There are four important Li-xue scholars, whose learning devoted to the study of classics with a national approach, lectured in the Shu-yuan during the South Sung Dynasty : Chu- huei-an, Liu-hsiang-shan, Lu-chiu-yuan and Chang-ran-hsuan. They had grat name at that time, proposing many outstanding ideas on education and set a modal in educating the succeeding generations. Chu-huei-an, born in Fukien, was a prodigy in early childhood. At the age of 19, he was listed as Jin-shi, examination, and then was assigned as complier in the Privy Council. However, he was impeached several times for being categorized as an advocate for the "False classics". Chu reluitlt the Bai-lu-tung (White Deer Cave) school, and established the school regulation. As a productive academic writer, Chu possessed a high academic status in China. "As Confucius is to Chou Dynasty, so Chu-huei-an to the Sung Dynasty, and from both cases came great man that summed up the modals of an ruce", said Tzai-yuan- pai. Chu thought that the heighest aim of education was to cultivate saints, that is, to develop a sound and perfect character. Liu-hsiang-shan, born in Kiang-si, grew up in a family with academic atmosphere. The six brothers in the Liu family learned from one another by exchanging their views, which brought about a very close and harmonious fraternity. Liu was in the same era as Chu-shi, with whom he has a friendly relationship despite differences in ideas - Liu thought that the aim of education was to teach people "becoming a human being", which means a person should not lose his conscience, and then became a great man who could be described by Mencius as someone who "doesn't lose his natural kindness". Lu-tung-lai came from Chekiang. As descendants of Lu-gang-zhu, the Lu family have been pure Confucians. Out of the elites, the Lu's were benefited from the classics of the Central plain. Lu, Chu-huei-an and Cheng-nan-hsuan were good friends with each other, and the relationship was helpful in Liu's academical achievement. Liu's specialty was in History, not in Li-xue. He had served in the imperial coust for 20 years, mainly denoted himself to affairs concerning history, and spent his spare time in lecturing. Lu had presided over the "Li-Ze" school for 8 or 9 years and made "Lu's school regulations", which come before the "White-Deer-Cave regulations" and was more considerate on the daily-life. Lu stressed that the school could serve the function of social education. Therefore his aim in education were mainly "flourishing confuciunism" and "transforming customs". Chang-nan-hsuan was born in Hu-nan. His father, Chang-jun, was a famous official in the South Sung Dynasty. Chang once participated in his father's office, learning the post after his father died, but then served as a magistrate of fu and Yien Province. He then presided over the Yu-Lu school where Chu-shi also came his lectures that made the studying atmosphere there prosperous. He thought people to "study from fundamentals", saying that we should "progress gradually" and "to investigate things and to extend knowledge to the utmost". Hence his education principles concentrated on investigating and extending the knowledge, and acting with might. Those four famous scholars mentioned above not only had great academical accomplishments, their spirit in patiently guiding and teaching people was especially admirable. Therefore what they had done set a perfect modal for those who denote themselves to education nowadays to follow suit. |
本系統中英文摘要資訊取自各篇刊載內容。