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題 名 | Structuration Theory and Organized Deviancy=彈性結構與有組織偏差 |
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作 者 | 麥留芳; | 書刊名 | 中央研究院民族學研究所集刊 |
卷 期 | 85 1998.春[民87.春] |
頁 次 | 頁205-220 |
分類號 | 540.24 |
關鍵詞 | 有組織偏差; 彈性結構; 結構的驅動力; 完備教化; 規範可議性; 致知; Organized deviancy; Structuration; Structural enabling; Perfect socialization; Negotiability of norms; Knowledgeability; |
語 文 | 英文(English) |
中文摘要 | 紀登斯(Giddens)在嚴格地分析過結構、功能及語意三大學派的主要觀點後,提 出其本身的理論架構,即彈性結構學說 (The Theory of Structuration),此學說除揉合了 上述門派的基本概念外,亦修正了社會結構(如規範)僅能發揮束縛個人行為功能的看法。 他認為社會結構亦能為行為帶來新的,或規範囿限之外的方向。故其認定結構的雙面性 (The duality of Structure)。 本文擬以有組織偏差(organized deviancy)去檢證及補充紀登斯的彈性結構學說。這 些有組織偏差乃泛指秘密結社、犯罪集團與少年幫派等。 在早期少年幫派次文化的文獻中,包括Cohen, Miller, Matza及Cloward/Ohlin的著 作,已隱約地道出了社會結構具有驅動(enabling)的功能。結構驅動的特性亦另貝意義,那 就是紀登斯所醉心的語意(hermeneutics)或象徵學派所謂的主觀性詮釋。 文中提出了彈性結構理論三個重要的概念來討論,其一篇社會結構的絕對束縛論,這論 調基本上是建架於完備教化的假定上。其二為規範的不變性及不可議性。其三為規範的窒息 論,即行動者除了接受既有規範外,別無其他行為方向的選擇,主要是致知的管道是單一的。 本文作者認為,完備教化的假定缺乏效度,因為有組織偏差所施行於其成員的「再教化」(如 入會儀式中的戒律、訓令、及毒誓等),卻可改變及扭轉「初級教化」所學習到的價值觀。 另外,規範的不可議價所指的是一般情況,但對權力在握的人來說,規範議價豈只可能,抑 亦經常發生。犯罪集團與正統社會間之「共生關係」,便是議價的一種方式。 規範束縛以及其在致知方面的壟斷,因而決定了個人行動的方向應不是全面的。非法集 團份子在受訪時指出,在他們末入籍前,其實對所心儀的集團以及類似的市場已有一定的認 知,而不是在受到規範所帶來的挫折時才做出飢不擇食的選擇。 結論時,作者肯定了有組織偏差是一個社會實體,且真有相當的持久性,而非某些學者 所想像中的那麼短暫及撲朔迷離。 |
英文摘要 | This article examines how organized deviancy can fine-tune social theories in general and Giddens' Structuration Theory in particular. Mainstream social theorists take social structure as inhibiting rather than enabling behavior. Drawing upon the hermeneutic approach to human values, Giddens unravels the enabling capacity of social structure. The enabling feature refers primarily to that accolade of value items that are not in total consonance with the tradition, as is illustrative by subcultures related to juvenile delinquency. The deterministic nature of collective conscience rests upon three fundamental assumptions, namely, perfect socialization, non-negotiability of norms, and absence of actors' knowledge ability. Organized deviancy's practice of de-individuation or re-socialization scheme apparently challenges the validity of perfect and complete socialization. The prevalent symbiotic link between organized deviancy and the political powerful suggests the negotiability of norms for some. Neither do social norms always determine the direction of action, for the common folk in their everyday life construct and reconstruct their own social reality through using practical knowledge. The common folk actually are knowledgeable of things that are of great concern to them, more so than most social theorists would presume. This Knowledge ability finds its support in organized deviancy, in that before attaining membership the underworld members are reportedly knowledgeable about the pros and cons of the 'market' they are in, the legitimate as well as the illegitimate. The paper concludes by affirming that organized deviancy is both real and universal, and further exploitation of it should help fine-tune the Structuration Theory. |
本系統中英文摘要資訊取自各篇刊載內容。