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題 名 | 從生態足跡觀點探討臺灣的永續發展=Using the Ecological Footprint to Explore Taiwan's Sustainable Development Issues |
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作 者 | 李永展; 陳安琪; | 書刊名 | 經社法制論叢 |
卷 期 | 22 1998.07[民87.07] |
頁 次 | 頁437-465 |
分類號 | 445.9 |
關鍵詞 | 生態足跡; 臺灣; 永續發展; |
語 文 | 中文(Chinese) |
中文摘要 | 工業革命後傳統經濟發展模式所造成的環境問題及社會不公平現象愈來愈明顯, 而「永續發展」觀念於 1972 年被提出後逐漸成為世界各國決策的優先考量,之後永續性計 畫及方案也在各地陸續推動;而「生態足跡」分析方法的提出,使得評估永續性的規劃工具 更為完備。 以往以容受力為主的分析方式乃從生物學的觀點出發,但事實證明容受力分析受限於人類科 技的進步與消費的影響,此乃因為我們將容受力界定為所支持的最大人口數;但若我們將其 界定為人類加諸於生物圈的「負荷」時,即可發現容受力的貧乏便不是問題的核心,而應是 生物圈所能承受的負荷,這正是傳統容受力分析無法探討的部份。就此而言,加總某特定地 區人口所消費或處理廢棄物所需的土地面積,即代表了這些人口產生的負荷,亦即其所需的 生態足跡。換句話說,負荷並非僅是人口的函數,也是每人平均消費的函數。 生態足跡的計算方式乃採用列舉式,建立在有限的消費項目及消耗的流量統計上,本文根據 Wackernegal ( 1997 )的研究將生態性生產力土地分為六個主要類別:化石能源地、耕地 、牧草地、森林、 建成地及海洋, 並依其分類方式計算臺灣 1996 年的生態足跡為 4.673 公頃╱人。 由於生態足跡的分析方式以列舉式項目計算為主,根據這個理由,我們可以說臺灣的生態足 跡目前仍受資料取得及消費項目非永續性使用的影響,如排除這些影響因素結果將比上述計 算之 4.673 公頃╱人為大;然而這些限制因素仍容許生態足跡的計算結果有上界 5 %及下 界 30 %的誤差( Wackernagel,1997 )。 本研究的結論如下: 1. 相同的消費下,該地區人口數愈少其生態足跡亦愈小。 2. 換算臺灣地區生態足跡計算值的 4.673 公頃╱人, 可發現臺灣的總生態足跡為 100,333,983 公頃, 這個計算結果告訴我們, 臺灣地區的生態足跡為臺灣總面積的 27.87 倍。 3. 在地區性的比較基準下, 我們觀亞洲幾個與臺灣相似的島國型且以貿易為主的工業國家 ,包括日本、新加坡、香港等國的生態足跡發現,這些國家的生態足跡皆遠超過其本身國土 面積, 新加坡甚至高達 248 倍,這些數據雖未直接說明以貿易為主的國家其生態足跡將因 貿易行為的擴張而大幅增加,但至少說明在亞洲小國中以貿易為主要經濟行為的島國,其生 態足跡的擴張皆以極大的速度伴隨貿易行為增加變大。 4. 強調技術與貿易的經濟發展方式, 已使得人類消費慾望無限制的擴張,並直接造成人類 因消費所需的土地面積高達 13.8 億公頃,以生態標竿每人 1.7 公頃來看, 人類可得的生 態生產性土地為 10 億公頃, 就此而言, 人類已造成了 3.8 億公頃的「生態赤字」( ecological deficit )。 5. 過度強調貿易即是對未來資源折現。 即使在目前,世界貿易大國對將環境及永續發展議 題納入國際貿易考量仍然興趣缺缺; 以 WTO 為例,即使「二十一世紀議程」( Agenda 21 )對貿易方式的永續發展方向有明確指引,會員國間依然對將環境議題納入多國貿易協定極 不感興趣。 |
英文摘要 | After the Industrial Revolution, environmental degradation and social injustice, which were induced from the traditional economic development pattern, become more evident than ever. Since the United Nation's Conference on the Human Environment in 1972, the sustainable development concept has become a priority consideration for policy making around the world. Thereafter, sustainable planning and projects were proposed worldwide. Among various analytic tools, the "Ecological Footprint" analysis makes the planning tools for evaluating sustainability more complete. The traditional carrying capacity analysis focuses only on the biological perspective. However, the technological improvement and the growing consumption influence the carrying capacity, which is defined as the maximum population that can be supported. If we define the carrying capacity as the "loads," which are added to the biosphere by human, we will realize that the scarcity of carrying capacity is not the core of the problem. Summing up the land areas which people consume or are used to discard the waste represents the loads that people carry-these land areas are the ecological footprints. In other words, the loads are a function of people and the average consumption. The evaluation of ecological footprint is built on enumerating the consumption items and material flows. According to Wackernegal (1997), this paper classifies the ecological productive land into six items: fossil fuel land, arable land, pasture, forest, built-up land, and sea. Adding up these items, Taiwan's ecological footprint of 1996 is estimated to be 4.88 hectare per capita. Because of numerous unsustainable uses, Taiwan's ecological footprint is confined to the data collection and consumption items. If we remove these factors, Taiwan's ecological footprint per person will be much larger than 4.673 hectare. However, calculations based on these factors are allowed to have errors between 5% upper bound and 30% lower bound. The findings of this paper are as follows: 1.Under the same consumption condition, the fewer population generates the smaller ecological footprint. 2.Taiwan's ecological footprint per person is 4.673 hectare, and the total ecological footprint is 100,333,983 hectare, which means Taiwan's ecological footprint is 27.87 times than its territory. 3.This paper compares ecological footprints of several similar trade-oriented countries in East Asia, including Japan, Singapore, Hong Kong, and etc. The ecological footprints of these countries are all much larger than their territories. For example, the ecological footprint of Singapore is 248 times than its territory, which implies that the trade expansion follows the expanding ecological footprint. 4.Economic development, emphasizing technology and trade, makes human consumptive desire more expanding, and directly uses up 1.38 billion hectare. In terms of the ecological benchmark (1.7 hectare/per capita) , ecological productive land for human is 1 billion-hectare. As a result, human has already made an ecological deficit of 0.38 billion hectares. 5.Over emphases on trade means discount for future resources. Wealthy nations are still not enthusiastic about taking account of sustainable development into international trade. |
本系統中英文摘要資訊取自各篇刊載內容。