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題 名 | Zoogeography of Shore Fishes of the Indo-Pacific Region=印度太平洋沿岸魚類之動物地理分布 |
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作 者 | Randall,John E.; |
書刊名 | 動物研究學刊 |
卷 期 | 37:4 1998.10[民87.10] |
頁 次 | 頁227-268 |
分類號 | 387.109 |
關鍵詞 | 東印度; 種化; 本地特有性; 亞種; 成對種; Indo-Pacific; East Indies; Speciation; Endemism; Subspecies; |
語 文 | 英文(English) |
中文摘要 | 東印度群島地理區(印尼、新幾內亞和菲律賓)為世界上海水魚相最豐富的地區 , 約有 2800 種沿岸魚類。 種數會由東印度群島向東遞減至夏威夷之 566 種, 伊斯特( Easter )島之 126 種。東印度群島海洋生物多樣性高的主要原因是在於此地冰河期之海水 相對溫度穩定、棲所面積大及複雜度高;且近大陸及大島的棚區,有豐富之陸源營養物質流 人,比大洋性小島更適合孕育許多浮游期短無法長期漂流,且又需要豐富餌料生物的魚種; 同時這裡又可以接受周邊地區所進化出許多新種的幼生。這是因為在冰河期時(過去 70 萬 年內至少發生過 3-6 次)海平面下降阻隔了這裡海水魚的東西向擴散, 加上此地大量河川 淡水及湧昇冷流造成低鹽低溫的綜合效應。另外於低水位期,這裡的港灣及局部海域,亦有 種化作用。這類隔離所造成的成對種( geminate species ),在外形及體色上極為相似, 本文列舉出其中的 65 例,當然也可能其中還有很多實在因為太相近而尚未被發掘出來的例 子。另有 15 例是真正屬於西印度洋及西太平洋的成對種,因他們在東印度群島並未重疊; 有 8 例其體色在兩大洋間雖有差異,但目前還未被視為不同的種;另有 5 例過去曾被引用 為安達曼海及西印尼種, 可能是因為安達曼海在晚第三紀( Neogene )時期幾近隔絕所造 成的效應。文中亦利用海平面下降造成物種滅絕來解釋魚種在東印度群島東西兩邊不同的分 布,同時亦討論魚類呈反熱帶分布的原因。 太平洋島嶼魚類特有種的比例隨著當地陸續發現許多印度太平洋新記錄魚種數的增加而降低 ,只有夏威夷仍特別高,當地特有種佔了 23.1%,伊斯特島次之佔 22.2%。亞種仍應鼓勵使 用,特別是那些受地理阻隔的族群,在形態上已有不同,但其差別仍低於同域內的同屬不同 種時。為了維護魚類分類的持續穩定性,希望大家不要把由生化或分生方法所得的形質資料 視為比系統學中最基礎的形態形質來得重要。 |
英文摘要 | The East Indian region (Indonesia, New Guinea, and the Philippines), with perhaps as many as 2800 species of shore fishes, has the richest marine fish fauna of the world. The numbers of species of fishes decline, in general, with distance to the east of the East Indies, ending with 566 species in Hawaii and 126 at Easter Island. The richness of the marine fauna of the East Indies is explained in terms of its relatively stable sea temperature during ice ages, its large size and high diversity of habitat, in having many families of shore fishes adapted to the nutrient-rich waters of continental and large island shelves that are lacking around oceanic islands, in having many species with larvae unable to survive in plankton-poor oceanic seas or having too short a life span in the pelagic realm for long transport in ocean currents, and in being the recipient of immigrating larvae of species that evolved peripherally. It is also a place where speciation may have occurred because of a barrier to east-west dispersal of marine fishes resulting from sea-level lowering during glacial periods (of which there have been at least 3 and perhaps as many as 6 during the last 700 000 years), combined with low salinity in the area from river discharge and cooling from upwelling. There could also have been speciation in embayments or small seas isolated in the East Indian region from sea-level lowering. Sixty-five examples are given of possible geminate pairs of fishes from such a barrier, judging from their similarity in color and morphology. Undoubtedly many more remain to be elucidated, some so similar that they remain undetected today. Fifteen examples are listed of possible geminate species of the western Indian Ocean and western Pacific that are not known to overlap in the East Indies, and 8 examples of color variants in the 2 oceans that are not currently regarded as different enough to be treated as species. Five examples of species pairs are cited for the Andaman Sea and western Indonesia that may be the result of near-isolation of the Andaman Sea during the Neogene. Explanation is given for distributions of fishes occurring only to the east and west of the East Indies in terms of extinction there during sea-level lows. The causes of antitropical distributions are discussed. The level of endemism of fishes for islands in the Pacific has been diminishing as a result of endemics being found extralimitally, as well as the discovery of new records of Indo-Pacific fishes for the areas. Hawaii still has the ighest, with 23.1% endemism, and Easter Island is a close second with 22.2%. The use of subspecies is encouraged for geographically isolated populations that exhibit consistent differences but at a level notably less than that of similar sympatric species of the genus. In order to ensure continuing stability in our classification of fishes, a plea is given not to rank characters obtained from molecular and biochemical analyses higher than the basic morphological characters that are fundamental to systematics. |