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題名 | The Genetics and Embryology of Taiwan Fir (Abies Kawakamii (Hayata) Ito) |
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作者 | Kormutak,Andrej; Yang,Jenq-chuan; | 書刊名 | 臺灣林業科學 |
卷期 | 13:1 (增刊)民87.03 |
頁次 | 頁1-78 |
分類號 | 436.12 |
關鍵詞 | 臺灣杉木; 遺傳學; 胚胎學; Taiwan fir; Abies kawakamii hayata ito; Karyological structure; Embryology; Isoenzyme polymorphism; DNA marker; Microsporogenesis; Microgametogenesis; Pollination; Embryogenesis; Crossability; |
語文 | 英文(English) |
英文摘要 | The genetic study of Taiwan fir (Abies kawakamii (Hayata) Ito) was undertakenaiming to elucidate the genetic status of the species within the genus Abies, as well as to clarify the causes of extremely low quality of its seeds. At the level of chloroplast and genomic DNAs, the species exhibits the closest relationship with A. homolepis, both of which belong taxonomically to the section Homolepides. Within the group of 15 Abies species compared so far, the PCR/RFLP profiles of cpDNA and RAPD amplification patterns of the above species deviate not only from the genetically uniform group of Mediterranean species, A. alba, A. cephalonica, A. nordmanniana, A. cilicica, A. pinsapo, and A. numidica, but also from the species A. nephrolepis, A. sachalinensis, A. veitchii, and A. koreana of the section Elate, all of which are of Asian origin. Being genetically heterogeneous, Asian firs resemble the North American species A. concolor and A. grandis of the section Grandes and A. procera of the section Nobiles which have also been found to be genetically differentiated. The results of the DNA study have closely correlated the established crossability relationship between A. kawakamii and some other representatives of firs studied so far. The compatible hybridological relationship is characteristic only for the interspecific combination A. kawakamii × A. homolepis, as contrasted with a strong reproductive isolation of Taiwan fir from A. lasiocarpa, A. concolor, A. alba, A. cephalonica, and A. cilicica, respectively. The prezygotic hybridological barrier was found to be responsible for fertilization failures in the interspecific crossings A. kawakamii × A. alba and A. kawakamii × A.cephalonica. Taken together, the results of DNA study and artificial hybridization preferentially substantiate the delineation of individual sections within the genus Abies as proposed by Liu (1971). At the intraspecific level, Taiwan fir seems to share a rather high degree of genetic diversity as evidenced by the mean number of 2.2 alleles per locus and the average heterozygosity, he, of 0.283. The coefficient of genetic distance based on the isozyme polymorphism of 2 A. kawakamii populations has accordingly been found to average 0.087 suggesting considerable intraspecific differentiation. The process of sexual reproduction of A. kawakamii was cytologically investigated from the standpoint of both pollen and ovule development covering the period from differentiated pollen mother cells and megaspore mother cells until the stages corresponding to the shedding of mature pollen and seeds. As far as pollen formation is concerned, the developmental pattern is comparable with those observed in other species of firs including a high sensitivity of the species' microsporogenesis to abrupt declines of temperature. The same is true of the viability parameters of A. kawakamii pollen. By its average germinability of 85.7% and the length of pollen tubes averaging 379.7 m, the pollen of Taiwan fir was found to be at least comparable to pollen fertility typical for other Abies species. The conclusion was therefore drawn ruling out low fertility of A. kawakamii pollen as a primary cause of the poor quality of its seeds. Considerable variation was observed between individual study trees with regard to both pollen body size and fertility of pollen grains, which was not, however, related to the elevational distribution of the trees. The course of the fertilization process is illustrated with regard to both the prezygotic and postzygotic stages of ovule development with special reference to the nature of involved retardant factors. The high frequency of polyembryony has, in this connection, been shown to be the most remarkable feature of A. kawakamii embryogeny, shared by an overwhelming majority of the ovules processed. On the contrary, the abortive development of embryos was found to represent the most divergent aspect of the species' embryogeny by which Taiwan fir deviates strikingly from the other species of firs in which the process of embryogeny has previously been illustrated. Encompassing both the early and advanced stages of embryogenesis, abortion was shown to be primarily responsible for the low quality of A. kawakamii seeds. Except for this disturbance, the deterioration of female gametophyte as well as archegonia degeneration caused by the inhibition of pollen germination at the top of nucellus were found at the prezygotic stages resulting in abortion of a small portion of pollinated ovules. |
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