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題 名 | The Diachronic Study of Chinese Numeral Classifiers=中文量詞的斷代史研究 |
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作 者 | 陳榮安; | 書刊名 | 雲林工專學報 |
卷 期 | 15 1996.04[民85.04] |
頁 次 | 頁195-373 |
分類號 | 802.632 |
關鍵詞 | 中文; 量詞; 斷代史; |
語 文 | 英文(English) |
英文摘要 | Recently many scholars are interested in the research into Chinese numeral classifiers, but some of them, especially the non-Chinese native speakers, do not give the correct data when discussing the historical development. The data they quoted may be from famous scholars' work, but the validity of these data is, in my opinion, quite doubtful. Fox example, Erbaugh (1986:pp.399-436) listed the classifier輛 liang in the Qin dynasty (225B.C.), while in fact it appeared in the 孟元老<東京夢華錄>of Soong dynasty宋朝 and the drama雜劇<竹塢聽琴> of the Yuan dynasty元朝. The casual citation from other's work without providing the exact source is misleading and confusing. Consequently, I have gone to great lengths to read major works of each epoch or dynasty and give the exact sentences and origins in which classifiers are found so that my data may convincing and hopefully become a reference book for this filed. Numeral classifiers are used to refer to the shape, function, genera, species, salient features, size, social status, main components of things or duration of time of some event or action. In the course of collecting data, I have found that Chinese numeral classifiers began to be productive in the Soong dynasty and Yuan Dynasty. Especially the colloquial plain novels in the former and the dramas and songs in the latter. We can say that in the archaic period only a few classifiers (less than ten) were found and in the Former Han 前漢dynasty people began to use a little more.( about 16 ones). Than in the Later Han後漢 there were about 26 ones. Through the Epoch of Three Kingdoms and the Jin dynasty晉朝 until the Epoch of North and South dynasties 南北朝, classifiers were found to be in the developing stage-classifiers were used to categorize much more things, thought the quantity was not increased, and the famous scholar Yan Zhi-tuei(顏之推) was presumably the first one to discuss the difference of classifiers in northern and southern China. In the Soong dynasty the famous poet Su Tong-Po(蘇東坡) had the similar attitude. Until the late Tang (唐末) dynasty, people used a little more classifiers than before (about 36 ones ). Style and register were found prominently significant in terms of productivity (i.e. quantity and frequency ) of classifiers. Such was the case especially with the history books, plain spoken novels and lyrics (宋詞) of Soong dynasty. Though in lyrics and Plain Spoken Novels (宋人平話小說) the quantity of these two literature genres is quite close, but the frequency of classifier in Soong Lyrics is much less, because the regularity of rhymes and forms influence the frequency of classifiers when the author tries to convey his feeling and idea in the form which emphasize conciseness and neatness, therefore redundancy and verbosity is avoided. Nevertheless, I find that the total amount of classifiers used in the Soong dynasty ,including the history book , lyrics and classical literature styles, and novels (especially the Plain Spoken Novels宋人平話小說), was much more than that of the tradition classical literary works prior to the Soong dynasty. In the subsequent Yuan dynasty, we find that in the dramas雜劇and songs (散曲) of this period the classifiers were profuse and lavish. We can conclude that the productivity of classifiers in these two dynasties were due to the spoken and colloquial style of language use, even thought some texts such as those in the plain spoken novels in the Soong dynasty were disseminated or kept in written forms. But in fact, these novels, dramas and songs were spoken, sung and performed in public or performed as some kind of amusement or entertainment. Then in the Ming dynasty, almost all of the classifiers were present. We can say that the prime time of classifiers was in the Soong and Yuan dynasties, and the culmination was reached in the Ming dynasty. (Still we find the large quantity of classifiers in the novels such as Water Margin水滸傳 ,Monkey西遊記 and The Story of Three Kingdoms三國演義 ,a relatively similar case to the one in the Soong dynasty, because these three novel were written in colloquial register and plain style as against the traditional classical language wen-yan style古典文言 ) While the Ming dynasty is the summit era of classifiers, without the foundation of the Soong and Yuan dynasties, it would be impossible to reach this stage. In the Ching dynasty classifiers were found to make no much progress with only a few more new classifiers added. I find that the stylistic difference and register are the decisive factors of the classifier use. For example, the rare classifiers such as'枕'('pillow') in一枕幽夢 a (pillow) of dream,'襟'('sleeve') in一襟相思(a sleeve of tears caused by ) infatuation ,抹('to paint' 'to smear' ) in 一抹荒煙﹝a massive wilderness ﹞(covered by a stream of smoke ) etc. are found exclusively in宋詞 ,the lyrics of the Soong dynasty. It seems that the high-level literature rhythmic form or style requires the use of rather specific quasi-classifiers. In the field of novels the more formal register the author used the less classifiers were found in that literary work. San-guo-ean-yi三國演義 ( "The Story of Three Kingdoms" )was in such a case. Vice versa. So had Water Margin and Monkey much more classifier than the San-guo-ena-yi. In the Ching dynasty, the novel 儒林外史"("Anecdote of Literati") which uses the sarcastic form to describe the irrational behavior of scholars has more classifiers than "Red Chamber"紅樓夢, which is more formal in register in its describing the vicissitudes of a big wealthy family. Considering the fact that the discourse style, or register form decides the productivity or frequency of classifiers, can't one say that classifiers are related to the pragmatics, registers and stylistics? From the above, we may find the answer. |
本系統中英文摘要資訊取自各篇刊載內容。