頁籤選單縮合
題 名 | 明清臺灣水利開發之時空分析--1624-1894=The Analysis of "Time and Space" on Taiwan Water Exploitation from Ming to Ching Dynasty--1624-1894 |
---|---|
作 者 | 蔡志展; | 書刊名 | 社會科教育研究 |
卷 期 | 3 1998.12[民87.12] |
頁 次 | 頁25-95 |
分類號 | 443.1 |
關鍵詞 | 明; 清; 臺灣; 水利開發; |
語 文 | 中文(Chinese) |
中文摘要 | 明清時期,農業是臺灣經濟的主軸,也是催化臺灣歷史風貌的主要推手。土地的開墾和水利的開發,是農業發展的兩塊基石,水利的開發更是提高土地產值,和農業永續經營的重要保證。 臺灣的水利設施,在文獻上首見於荷人據臺時期(1624∼1661),水利的開發與其開始推廣稻作有關。明鄭時代(1661∼1683)為了軍需民食,更加注意糧食的生產。惟仍以小型的「草埤」、陋陂為主。因為政局不隱,勞動人力又不足。加上資金欠缺,受限於材料、技術,故建造工程難以經久,留下的水利設施非常有限。 臺灣於隸清之初,糖、米相剋,墾民以糖價好,競相插蔗。及康熙四十年以後,因為「疊際凶荒」,梯航日增、生齒日眾,糧米的商品性價值提高。從此,激起水利開發的誘因。墾民進入半線以北,尋找溪流水源,開發大型陂、圳水利,圳的開發逐漸超過陂。同時,在水利開發的技術上,也獲得了重大的突破,掀起臺灣耕地的「水田化」運動。 從時間上來看,清代水利之開發,集中在康熙、乾隆、嘉慶、道光和光緒數朝。灌溉面積多的大型陂圳,集中於道光及以前,道光以後的開發屬小型的陂圳比較多。從空間上來看,康熙年間的濁水溪、大肚溪;雍正年間的大甲溪、九芎林溪;乾隆年間的淡水河;嘉慶年間的蘭陽溪;道光年間的高屏溪,是水源利用密度高,也是灌溉面積廣的大型陂圳設施之所在。道光以後水利開發漸入荒鄉,尤其是在光緒年間,不僅伸入東部臺灣,而且在西部利用剩水、尾水開發的小型陂、圳,為數更夥。 從時間和空間兩方面,對臺灣水利之發展去做立體性之瞭解,並對相關史料做一個深入的分析,求得一些觀點,將是本文最主要的著眼點。 |
英文摘要 | The agriculture was the main part of Taiwan economy from the Dynasty Ming to Ching. It was the main pusher to change Taiwan history style and features, too. There were two foundation stones to lay the basis of agricultural development. They were the land reclamation and the water exploitation. Especially, the water conservancy was the lifeblood of agriculture. That could raise the great value of land and make the engagement on the perpetual agriculture management. According to the historical documents, the water conservancy installations were developed when Holland occupied Taiwan (1624-1661). People all knew that water exploitation and the spread of rice had great relation. When the time that the Cheng family ruled Ming Dynasty (1661-1683), they paid more attention on grain yield for the military and people's necessity. But it was affected by the terrain and the climate from Tainan to Kaohsiung. For short of water there, so they dug a lot of small reservoirs and simple ponds. At that time, political situation was not stable and manpower wasn't enough, either. So the water conservancy was very limited. At the beginning of Ching Dynasty, pioneers thought that cane sugar had good price, so they contended for planting sugar cane. After the year Kang Hsi 40, it always had drought and population became more and more, so rice raised a price. That caused people to open up the water resources. The pioneers started to get into the north of Panhsien. They began to search for water sources and opened up some larger ponds or canals irrigation. At the same time, they got a great break-throught in the technique of the water exploitation. The made the farmland of Taiwan almost become paddy fields. Form "time" point of view, The Dynasty Ching's water exploitations almost gather in Kang Hsi, Tsien Lung, Chia Ching, Tao Kuan, Kuan Hsu, etc. The long large canals of irrigation over an extensive area were all dug before Tao Kuan. The short small canals were all dug after Tao Kuan. From "space" point of view, the places where the water conservancy installations were much opened up. There were also the places that the water resources were used of much greater densities; and the long large canals of irrigation over an extensive area were dug. They were Choshui Hsi, Tatu Hsi of in the time of Kang Hsi; Tachia Hsi, Chiu-Chiung-Lin Hsi of in the time of Yung Cheng; Tanshui Ho of in the time of Tsien Lung; Lanyang Hsi of in the time of Chia Ching; and Kaoping Hsi of in the time of Tao Kuan. After Tao Kuan, water exploitationgot into the deserted villages step by step. Especially in the time of Kuan Hsu, they not only entered the east Taiwan, but also used the surplus water or the end water to open up a lot of small ponds. The main point of this essay is to make the readers understand Taiwan's water development with the point of two dimensions---"time and space". |
本系統中英文摘要資訊取自各篇刊載內容。