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頁籤選單縮合
題 名 | Gotama Becomes the Buddha--Reconstruction of the Nikaya Account of the Path=喬答摩成佛--「尼柯耶」(Nikaya)成佛之道的重構 |
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作 者 | 穆克紀; | 書刊名 | 中華佛學學報 |
卷 期 | 11 1998.07[民87.07] |
頁 次 | 頁329-364 |
分類號 | 220.134 |
關鍵詞 | 特別的心所; 菩提; 涅槃; Special mental state; Bodhi; Nibbana; |
語 文 | 英文(English) |
中文摘要 | 在佛陀及其以前的時代,最終的修行目標在於得證現法涅槃(nibbana)。喬答摩 (Gotama)亦出家以達成這個目標。 我們嘗試利用散布於《尼柯耶》(Nikaya)中的敘述,來重構喬答摩整個修行歷程的輪廓。文中 僅探討那些可接受為合乎史實並對最終目標之達成有積極說明的資料。 在修行歷程的初期階段,喬答摩運用息止惡念並同時使善念持續生起的方法來調伏與長養心 念。正是這種心靈-非天神的啟請-促使他出於慈悲而為受苦的世人說法。 涅槃被認為是完全的寂諍,達到心的寂靜的一個方法就是修習四禪(the four jhanas)。喬答 摩也證得了四禪,而且超越四禪。甚而他維持不被第四禪生起之後的心靈狀態所干擾。接著, 他捨離苦、樂、不苦不樂受,而大大地增進寂靜、正念及心的專一。他不再樂著於任何對象, 因而,他證得了一種完全專一、正念分明的特別心靈狀態,及因除掉這些感受而顯得特別。 值得注意的,是這種心靈狀態的出現不是刻意追求的。喬答摩的努力全都導向煩撓因素的去 除,而非生發一種新的心靈狀態。再者,既然這種心靈狀態並不樂著任何對象,在作用時也就兔除 了一切主體的影響力。因此,這是一種特殊的心靈狀態,並未捨去虛幻的「我」,不具有看透諸 如執著等之本質的智慧,卻能夠作絕對客觀的觀察。此種心靈狀態所作的觀察優於任何科學的 觀察,後者總是無法免除觀察者的影響。 藉由這種心靈狀態,喬答摩證得了「菩提」(bodhi),那是有關漏(asava, asrava)盡和其他二 明的智慧。這個智慧彰顯出一個人可以超越有為(the conditioned),使他得以推究無為(the unconditioned)-涅槃-的存在。此智慧破除了虛幻的「我」,因此永久根除了執著。一個證得 「菩提」的人在肉體離散之後進入涅槃。 但是「菩提」的證得不意謂著喬答摩修行歷程的終止,菩提之心(bodhimind)並非全然地寂靜, 他仍未經驗到涅槃的最為寂靜的狀態。再者,「菩提」的證得和當時只重心靈寂靜的沙門 (sramana)傳統並不一致。那麼,喬答摩為何證得「菩提」?沒有「菩提」就不能破除「我」的 虛幻性,所以總是存在著心靈退墮的可能性。其次,沒有「菩提」就不可能體證現法涅槃。所 以喬答摩先證得「菩提」,然後進一步求取涅槃的經驗。 涅槃是無為與常恆的,由於屬於心靈的一切都是有為的和無常的,如此則不可能經驗到涅槃, 但是邏輯上歸之於涅槃的完全寂靜的屬性,在所有的「行」(samskara)止息時是可被經驗到 的。喬答摩通過想受滅(sanna-vedayita-nirodha)-同於現法涅槃的經驗-的證得而達致此種 完全寂靜的狀態。他成了如來(Tathagata)。 |
英文摘要 | During the time of the Buddha and before him the ultimate spiritual goal was to realize nibbana in this life. Gotama also entered the houseless state to attain this goal. We have tried to reconstruct an outline of the entire spiritual journey of Gotama from isolated accounts scattered in the Nikayas. Only those informations which can be reasonably accepted as historical and shown to have positively contributed to the attainment of the final goal have been studied in the present article. It appears that in an early phase of his spiritual journey Gotama controlled and cultivated his thoughts in such a way that the unwholesome thoughts ceased to arise while the wholesome thoughts continued to arise spontaneously. It is this type of mind-and not any god's pleading with him-that prompted him to preach the dhamma out of compassion for the suffering humanity. Nibbana was accepted to be absolutely calm. One of the methods to develop mental calmness was to practice the four jhanas. Gotama also attained these jhanas and went beyond them moreover he remained unaffected by the mental state that arose after the 4th jhana. Consequently he was free from the feelings of dukkha, sukha and adukkham-asukham, and developed greatly the calmness, mindfulness and concentration of mind. He ceased to take delight in and cling to any object. Thus he attained a special mental state which was perfectly concentrated, mindful and characterized by the absence of all these three feelings. It is noteworthy that this mental state came into existence without being intended. Gotama's willful exertions were all directed only to eliminate agitative elements, and not to create a new mental state. Moreover as this mental state did not take delight in any object, it was free from all subjective influences in its functioning. Thus this was a unique mental state that had not got rid of the illusory 'I' and was devoid of wisdom regarding the nature of clinging etc., and yet was capable of absolutely objective observation. Observation made by this mental state was superior to any scientific observation which is always mixed up with the observer. With this special mental state Gotama realized 'bodhi', that is the wisdom about the destruction of the defilements (asava, asrava), and the two other knowledges. This wisdom showed that one can transcends the conditioned and thus enabled him to deduce the existence of the unconditioned, the nibbana. It destroyed the illusory 'I' and thus permanently uprooted clinging. A person who has realized 'bodhi' merges into nibbana after the dissolution of the body. But the attainment of bodhi did not mark the end of Gotama's spiritual journey. Bodhi-mind was not utterly calm. He had yet no experience of nibbana which is the supremely peaceful state. Moreover the attainment of 'bodhi' was not in conformity with the current sramana tradition which valued only a mental state of calmness. Why, then, Gotama attained 'bodhi'? Without 'bodhi' the illusion of 'I' is not destroyed, so there always remains the possibility of falling away from a mental state. Moreover without bodhi nibbana in this life cannot be attained. So Gotama first realized 'bodhi' and then went for the experience of nibbana. Nibbana is unconditioned and permanent. It is not possible to experience nibbana as such, for anything mental is conditioned and impermanent. But the quality of utter calmness which is logically attributed to nibbana can be experienced when all the samskaras (formative actions) cease and subside. Gotama attained this state with the realization of the cessation of perception and feeling (sanna-vedayita-nirodha) which is the same as the experience of nibbana in this life. Gotama became the Tathagata. |
本系統中英文摘要資訊取自各篇刊載內容。